Case Study Healthcare Provider Essay

Scenario A large, regional healthcare provider is developing a new, integrated wellness and prevention program (IWPP) for their patients. This involves developing an overarching strategy and aligning existing prevention capabilities. The client has employed Point B to facilitate the development of the plan’s strategy, conceptual design, and roadmap for initial implementation. Describe how you would approach this effort. Approach: Broadly, the approach has three steps starting with the leadership team and then engaging the entire organization: I. Leadership Strategy Development and Plan II. Organization Engagement and Strategy Refinement III. Initial Implementation I. Leadership Strategy Development and Plan Once the leadership participants are confirmed with the sponsor, facilitated workshops will be structured to shape the key deliverables: business strategy, conceptual design and roadmap. Workshops will focus on: Finding a common understanding of what is a successful IWPP. This includes: †¢ Identifying current challenges for the healthcare provider as a whole and specific to an IWPP †¢ Agreeing to the existing strengths overall but with a focus on existing prevention capabilities †¢ Understanding what has and has not worked in the past †¢ Defining a common IWPP vision and values Defining what capabilities are needed and how to measure a successful IWPP. Capabilities will shape the conceptual design and span such things as: †¢ Technology †¢ Business processes †¢ Applications †¢ People/organization structure †¢ Information †¢ Geographic location Identifying the activities (immediate and future) to create a new IWPP. For example: 1 Case Study – Healthcare Provider May 20, 2014 †¢ People – assessing the organization’s culture and behaviours for integrative wellness, prevention and medical care †¢ Process – redesign business processes to emphasis case management and cross organization collaboration per patient(s) or member(s) †¢ Technology – data conversion to a common rollout schedule for compliance standards across the network e.g. ICD 10 Activity timing will determine when capabilities are in place to chart a roadmap of changes to the organization. II. Organization Engagement and Strategy Refinement The second step is the most intensive and often the most overlooked when developing strategy. The leadership team will be required to engage the broader organization to test the strategy, conceptual design and roadmap. This requires cascading participation from management, team leaders and front-line staff. For a healthcare provider this is critical given the complexity and diversity of the network (complementary service providers, insurers, medical providers, members and patients). Input is also required regarding how best to monitor progress, to measure outcomes and to continuously collect feedback once implementation is  underway. Step II has the following benefits: †¢ Improve the leadership team’s work by adding operational detail †¢ Create strategy awareness so the organization’s day-to-day decision making better aligns with the strategic vision and intent. †¢ Start to foster ownership and champions for IWPP changes III. Initial Implementation The third step focuses on identifying the activities that can be implemented first. Activities will be assessed by not only business value to achieve a new IWPP but also by other planning constraints such as the availability of people with the right skills, funding and interdependencies with existing project work. Step III also requires the establishment of implementation processes to monitor progress, to measure outcomes and to continually improve implementation methods based on feedback.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Lab

Antibiotic Sensitivity lab A. Define the term selectively toxic. Why is it an important feature of antimicrobial agents? Selective toxicity is the ability of a chemical or drug to kill a microorganism without harming its host. Selective toxicity is important to microbial agents because it enables these agents to inhibit or kill a microorganism by interacting with microbial functions or structures different from those of the host thereby showing little or no effect to the host. B. What are broad and narrow spectrum antimicrobials? What are the pros and cons of each?Broad spectrum antimicrobials are drugs that are effective against a wide variety of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Narrow spectrum antimicrobials are effective only against gram negative bacteria. Pros and cons of each: Narrow spectrum microbial is normally better to use because they cause less damage to the body's normal flora. They are less likely to cause drugs resistant strains of microorganisms because they are specific in nature and are less likely to cause super infection by opportunistic microorganisms like yeast infections.The main disadvantages are that Narrow spectrum microbial sometimes is more prone to allergic reaction to the host. Broad spectrum antimicrobials on the other hand also have their own advantages in that they are able to deal with more than one kind of bacteria and as such one does not have to use drugs indiscriminately reducing chances of allergic reactions and drug toxicity. The main disadvantage is that they cause more harm to the body's normal flora. C. What is direct selection? Direct selection is the selection of antibiotic-resistant normal floras in an individual whenever this individual is given an antibiotic.This process is normally accelerated significantly by either improper use or the overuse of antibiotics. D. What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial chemical? Antibiotics are substances that are produced as metabolic pro ducts of one Microorganism which are able to inhibit or kill other microorganisms. Antimicrobial chemicals are chemicals that are synthesized in a laboratory and can be used therapeutically on microorganisms. E. What is the mode of action for each of the following: a. acitracin: works by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in actively dividing bacteria which normally results in osmotic lysis. b. nystatin: exerts its antifungal activity by binding to ergosterol found in fungal cell membranes. Binding to ergosterol causes the formation of pores in the membrane. Potassium and other cellular constituents leak from the pores causing cell death. c. tetracycline: exert their bacteriostatic effect by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. This antibiotic prevents transfer-RNA (tRNA) molecules from binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. . ciprofloxin: Contains agents that inhibit one or more enzymes in the DNA synthesis pathway F. Describe three mechanisms by which microbes mig ht become resistant to the action of an antimicrobial drug? Microbes may become resistant by producing enzymes that will detoxify or inactivate the antibiotic such as penicillinase and other beta-lactamases. Microbes may also alter the target site in the bacterium to reduce or block binding of the antibiotic in the process producing a slightly altered ribosomal subunit that still functions but to which the drug can't bind.Microbes may also prevent the transport of the antimicrobial agent into the bacterium thereby producing an altered cytoplasmic membrane or outer membrane. G. Why do you think neglecting to finish a prescribed course of antibiotics might contribute to the rise of antibiotic resistance? If you don't finish the medication, all the bacteria causing the infection may not be killed. Then, the infection could come back in that same place or even show up somewhere else. When the bacteria are undertreated, some of them may have enough time to have these mistakes occur in th eir DNA.Then, when they multiply, you get a bunch of bacteria that no longer respond to the antibiotics. H. What is a tube dilution test? How is it used to determine susceptibility? Tube dilution test is one of the tests that can be used to tell which antimicrobial agent is most likely to combat a specific pathogen. This test is conducted by preparing a series of culture tubes where each tube contains a liquid medium and a different concentration of an antimicrobial agent. These tubes are then inoculated with the test organism and then incubated. After the incubation they are examined for growth.I. Define the following: a. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): this is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that is capable of preventing growth of the organism undergoing the tube dilution test b. Zone of Inhibition: this is the area surrounding the high potency disk of a chemotherapeutic agent where growth is inhibited in an agar diffusion test. J. What were the results of the Kirby-Bauer test for S. epidermidis? S. epidermidis was sensitive to Novobiacin S. epidermidis was resistant to Penicillin S. epidermidis was intermediate in the case of Gentamicin

Populist Party’s Platform

The Populist Party commonly refereed to as the peoples party was a relatively short lived political party within the United States during the 19th century. It was particularly popular within western farmers since it was directly opposed to the gold standard system of international trade. However the party did not last long in United States politics. Regardless of this fact the party’s ideas or manifestos have been employed in United States politics even to date. In essence the party grew out of an agrarian uprising especially after the collapse of agricultural prices in 1873. It arose from a farmer’s alliance of farmers who had an economic target of collective action against merchants, brokers and rail roads as well as an integrated nation wide policy. Most importantly the driving force towards the creation of the party arose from the refusal of both the democrats and the republicans to accept the farmers’ alliance idea of the use of silver as the national model of coinage. SHORT HISTORY: The Populist Party or the people’s party was formed by the farmers’ alliance in collaboration with the knights of labor. This initial formation took place between the years 1899 and 1890. The actual realization of their dreams was in 1892 when the party held its annual convention in Nebraska. This is the time that the party actually nominated members for the first time for national elections. In 1896 the democrats incorporated ideas of the people’s party 1892 platform and this negatively impacted on the party’s progress. In addition the ensuing collaboration between the democrats and the Populist Party did not auger well with the already existing relation between the populists and the republicans in the south. This marked the onset of the party’s decline in United States politics. THE 1892 PARTY PLATFORM: The Populist Party’s 1892 platform was commonly refereed to as the Omaha platform since it w3as held in Omaha Nebraska. In this platform the Populist Party demanded the following; Complete overhaul of all national banks. This was aimed at reducing the risk to citizens of excessive exploitation by these corporations. Immediate Imposition of direct election of senators within the United States was demanded as well. This was directed at reducing the prevalence of corruption and bribery in the voting system. It was also aimed at increasing public participation in the electoral process, as well as to reduce instances of insider trading within the big parties. The platform also sought immediate introduction of civil service reforms. In the preamble of the manifesto the party claimed that the time had come for the railroads to own the people or the people to own the railroads. For the later to happen there was need to introduce constitutional amendments to make sure that the government would not use the power of the employees to intimidate the people. Thus civil service reforms and regulations had to be introduced to prevent this. The platform also demanded the introduction of a national wide graduated income tax system. The introduction of a legal eight hours working day and the introduction of government control of all railroads. The platform also demanded the introduction of unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the existing ratio of 16 to 1. The platform also demanded that the state introduce postal savings banks for the interest of all citizens in order to facilitate foreign exchange. The platform also claimed that land and any other natural sources of enrichment remains the people’s heritage and thus should not be monopolized or misused and further alien ownership of this should not be entertained. ANALYSIS: The Omaha platform was well received throughout the United States. This was mainly due to the fact that most of the party’s ideas were overly practical and implemental. In addition the party was trying to prevent a scenario of continued dominance by the democrats and republicans for what the party called political power and plunder. The party also sought to return power to the people by reducing the vices inflicted by the capitalists on laborers by reducing the dominance of gold in trade. The Omaha platform also sought to return the powers of the government to the â€Å"plain people† from where the powers actually originated. The purposes of the platform the party claimed were to be identical to the purposes of the national constitution. Despite its decline in popularity in United States politics, some of its ideas have come to be endorsed in mainstream governance and politics. A good example of this is the abolition of the gold standard. In this field the party’s 1892 platform highly demanded the abolition of this sys tem but it was not until the 1970s that the gold-standard was actually abolished as the common exchange system. In earnest we can thus argue that the demands put forward by the party were not only progressive in nature but also widely visionary, since it has taken more than a generation for the other political party’s to adopt/implement these policies. In addition the party’s platform could be described as having been Progressive in the sense that the introduction to the manifesto detailed splendidly the causes that made their demands justifiable. Among these issues included; the fact that the party claimed that there was widespread corruption compounded by political and moral degradation within the American public. CONCLUSION: Although the people’s party 1892 manifesto contained quite progressive ideas the party was quite short-lived in American politics. By 1896 during the next national elections, the Democratic Party took most of the people’s party ideas and incorporated them in their platform. In addition the party nominated a democrat (William Jennings) as their presidential candidate. After this scenario the party started to decline in popularity within national politics. In the year 1984 plans were already underway to revive the Populist Party. These efforts did not bear fruit due to internal party conflicts. In 2002 a new group emerged â€Å"the populist party of America† emerged. It is actively opposed to the bush administration especially on the issue of the war in Iraq. It also advocates for strict adherence to the bill of rights as well as direct democracy. It has yet to field presidential candidates. REFERENCE: http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/history/eamerica/media/ch22/resources/documents/populist.htm   

Physicans Assistant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physicans Assistant - Research Paper Example They may also prescribe certain medications. In some establishments, a PA is responsible for managerial duties, such as ordering medical supplies or equipment and supervising medical technicians and assistants (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). A rough average suggests that the PAs work 40 hours a week (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). This seems quite normal, but the working conditions are quite stressful for them. They have to walk, stand and do certain routines again and again, which causes a lot of fatigue. Also, their work hours span through nights, weekends and holidays, and they have to remain stand by on call at all times (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). This dictates personality requirements for PAs, such as emotional stability, compassion, care, sympathy, and having a big heart. They have to be good communicators and above all, they must be able to work normally around injured and ill people, while still maintaining a high degree to empathy for such people (Field, 2010). Physician assistants are highly qualified in their fields and the American Academy of Physician Assistants, Association of Physician Assistant Programs, and National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants, Inc. are the major unions in this regard. To be a certified PA, one should pass a certified examination after graduation from an accredited institute, which gives them a certification of Physician Assistant-Certified (Field, 2010). Educational degrees in this field range from associate degrees to bachelors and masters level. Many colleges offer these courses, like Gannon University, King’s College and others. Mostly these programs are around two years. Students must also go through clinical experience in a vast array of areas including family medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, inpatient and ambulatory medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, emergency medicine, internal medicine, and ambulatory psychiatry. Improvement prospects for physician

Compare and contrast mansa kankan musa with askiya muhammad ture as Assignment

Compare and contrast mansa kankan musa with askiya muhammad ture as rulers of their respective empires - Assignment Example Earlier on, between 1280 and 1337, another emperor had lived. He was the emperor of the wealthy Mali Empire. With a later reference to this man as Mansa Kankan Musa by the European and Arab scholars, he came to power as a deputy to the then emperor Abubakari II who decided to go on an expedition to explore the Atlantic Ocean but never came back. The first comparison is that the two were Muslims who welcomed the spread of Islam in the kingdom and built mosques everywhere for the people. In fact, Mansa Musa went for pilgrimage to mecca from time to time and when he came back, he ordered that all the five pillars of Islam be observed strictly by all the people. Askia Mohammed on the other hand, during his reign, made Islam the integral part of the empire to be observed by all the people in belonging to this great empire. Mansa came to a level of building mosques every Friday in the week so that all people could embrace the religion. The second similarity was that these two were traders and had a great commercial mind. Mansa traded his gold widely during his visits to Saudi Arabia and made himself known to the entire king along the way. However, he was not as commercialized as Askia because most of the gold he carried was based on philanthropic aid than exchanging with anything that he would take back to this kingdom. On the other hand, Askia Mohammed was a real trader. He expanded trade far and wide helping him expand the power and viability of his empire. Kankan Musa has been remembered for bringing order and peace in the empire, promoting trade and commerce. He practically made his empire to be known all over Europe for his use of gold. He developed the Mali Empire and made it an intellectual and economic center through attraction of Arab scholars for trade, religion and development. He also expanded his territory especially on his way to mecca. Similarly, Askia Mohammed expanded his empire from Tangaza in the north, all the way to Yatenga borders

Which is bigger Feel the Fear or The Giant Essay

Which is bigger Feel the Fear or The Giant - Essay Example Findings also indicate that the maximum and minimum heights for the Giant coaster are 36.434 metres and -96.434 metres. The difference between maximum and minimum heights is 132.868 metres. The analysis indicates that the dimensions of the rectangular enclosure that will give maximum possible area are 51 metres by 51 metres. The maximum possible area of the enclosure will be 2601 square metres. The analysis also indicates that the dimensions of the snack box that would give the maximum volume are 6.67 cm x 13.33 cm x 26.67 cm. The maximum volume of the snack box will be 2370.37 cubic cm. A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and languages. It is a mathematical representation of the relationship between two or more variables relevant to a given situation or problem. Mathematical modelling is the process of developing a mathematical model. It provides a method for solving problems mathematically. It is used to describe a real - world event, to investigate important questions about the observed world, to explain real-world event, to test ideas and to make predictions about the real world (Berry & Houston, 1995). In this report, mathematical modelling will be used to investigate the difference between maximum and minimum heights for the Feel the Fear coaster and the Giant coaster using differentiation, and maxima and minima concepts. The differentiation, and maxima and minima concepts will be also used to find the length and width of a rectangular enclosure for a given fixed fencing of 100 metres so that the enclosed area is maximized. The differentiation, and maxima and minima concepts will be used to determine the dimensions of a snack box from a 40cm by 40cm cardboard that would give maximum possible volume In this report, I used differentiation, and maxima and minima concepts to find the answers. The maximum and minimum heights for the Feel the Fear coaster

Loop Diagrams Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Loop Diagrams - Article Example This is to mean, if there is a decrease in the node where the link starts, the other node decreases as well. Similarly if there is an increase in the node where the link starts, the other node increases as well. A negative causal link shows the two nodes changing towards opposite directions (Richardson 1986). This is to mean, the increase of the node in which the link starts decreases the other node and the decrease of the node in which the link starts increases the other node. This diagram has two feedback loops. R represents the positive reinforcement loop. It indicates that the word of mouth is one of the factors that have been used to reinforce the price of the Nokia mobile phone. The more praises the Nokia mobile phone receives from its customers; the higher the demand of the product regardless of its price. The more people refer to the mobile phone and demonstrate its effectiveness, the positive feedback tend to generate growing sales of the mobile phone (Sterman 2000). The next feedback loop B, which is on the left is negative reinforcement. It can also be referred to as balancing. It is obvious that the Nokia mobile phone will not be praised forever. Once customers get used to the Nokia mobile phone, they will look for newer different products. At this point, the growth of the product is likely to decline. The manufacturers of this particular mobile phone brand will have to lower its price so as to continue selling the phone (Sterman 2000). Feedbac k loops act concurrently, but at some point they portray different strengths. Thus, the price of mobile phone is likely to remain high in the initial years and decline in the later years when people get used to it. The causal loop diagram above is a good example of a reinforcement loop; it is referred to as reinforcement loop because the feedback increases the effect of change (Sterman 2000). As more investment is imposed on the Nokia mobile phone, the manufacturer can regulate

Mis 2200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mis 2200 - Essay Example Huber was absent. Ability to Work with Others—Tom is comfortable in a role as an individual contributor and highlights his knowledge and experience when working with others. In a managerial capacity, Tom can readily assume authority, and he might be even more effective if he were to work on his approach and be more collaborative and less dictatorial. Due to confidence in his knowledge and experience, Tom may have overstepped his authority on occasion. General Knowledge of Business Operations—Tom has worked in Mason’s Appliance Department for the past twelve years. He is the most senior staff member on the team, and his experience as an interim manager has provided additional insight into the business operations. Leadership—Carol has subtle leadership experience. She was a high school teacher for several years, and leads by example in her current role with Mason’s. While Carol definitely has capacity in this area, there appears to be an opportunity for her to grow into a stronger leader. A report of disciplinary problems in her classroom when she was teaching and her general willingness to take on any task without challenging the necessity of the task highlight this opportunity. General Knowledge of Business Operations—Carol has worked in Mason’s Appliance Department for the past four years. She has solid knowledge of the operations and given her willingness to take on all tasks assigned has broad experience of the intricacies in the department. Leadership—Don’s leadership experience is largely informal. He was captain of his track team in college and leads by example in the positions that he has held. Don has been working on a master’s degree in marketing which gives him a solid understanding of leadership concepts and principles. Ability to Work with Others—Don is professional and likable. His personality would compliment others in the department and he appears approachable. Don’s resume indicates a

Marketing Techniques and Market Products in two Organizations Coursework

Marketing Techniques and Market Products in two Organizations - Coursework Example Some of the marketing techniques employed by Tesco Company include branding, relationship marketing, growth and survival strategies and brand building and positioning. The company creates a unique name and image for its products it is connected with strap lines; logos brand promise, colors and related benefits. Tesco has chosen various brands such as Tesco finest, Tesco value, Tesco organic, Tesco standard and Tesco Whole foods. Tesco is trying to ensure that they make profits in all aspects of their branding. On the other hand, Apple brand is leading in the computer industry with its Macintosh computers and the consumer electronics industry. It has built its brand and positioning through advertising campaigns through promotions such as event sponsorships. Apple Company has a brand personality that emphasizes in making people’s lives much easier by making its products readily accessible to customers. Both companies utilize the use of relationship marketing to build a relationship with their clients, encourage and reward those who are loyal, as they convince them to buy more products. When it comes to market penetration, product development, and diversification, Tesco has increased its sale in the existing markets, launched its product as Tesco Everyday Value and modified its existing products to appeal the existing market. The company has diversified into other services such as home insurance, mortgages, car insurance and other services. Marketers are faced with various challenges while doing their marketing activities. For instance, they are confronted with legal constraints. This means that the marketers have to comply with the Sale of Goods Act 1979 which empowers the consumer to claim back the money if they find a product to be faulty. The marketers are, therefore, tasked with the challenge of meeting the standards of their goods sold as prescribed by the sale of Goods Act. This  Act requires that a trader has to sell goods of good quality and as they are described.

Law of Obligation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law of Obligation - Essay Example if the offer is accepted but if the other party alters the term of his acceptance, it becomes a counter-offer and has the effect of effacing the original offer. The second party then becomes the offeror and the first party the acceptor. If the counter-offer is accepted, then the agreement is concluded. 2 The principle in English law is that â€Å"an acceptance which is not the mirror image of an offer does not give rise to a contract – it is regarded as a counter-offer, not an acceptance† 3 This principle was first enunciated and laid down by the courts in the case of Hyde v. Wench.4 In the aforesaid case, a party offered to sell a piece of land he owns for  £1,200 to another but was declined by the latter. He made another offer, lowering it to  £1,000 to which the other party responded by offering to pay the same for  £950. The first party asked for time to reconsider and several days after wrote a letter to the first party declaring that he would make a definite answer on a fixed future. A day after the fixed date, the first party refused, in a letter, the offer of the second party. The second party wrote back stating that he is accepting the earlier offer in which the selling price is at  £1000. The Court, after appraisal of the facts of the case said that the effect of a counter-proposal is an implied rejection of the offer to which it is responding to: Applying the above principle to the case at hand, the first advertisement becomes the first offer but since Justine wanted to lower the price at  £2,250 from the original price of  £3,000, then the original offer was vacated and the new offer is the one proffered by Justine. There was no acceptance by Charles but yet another offer at the price of  £2,500 to which Justine did not immediately accept. When Justine finally accepted, it was several days after through a telephone message. This did not however reach Charles because the message was inadvertently erased by his nephew who was playing around with the

Business Model Canvas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Model Canvas - Assignment Example More so, the Organisation believes in commitment, honour and courage in every aspect of their work (Jamison, 2004). Business model can create an enormous difference between dismissal failure and global leading success. For instance in 1959, the first plain paper copier was a prospective game changer but it was six times more expensive compared to the alternative copiers. As a result, the Company Xerox 914 decided to come up with a new business model. Instead of selling the machine, the Company hired it for ninety five dollars per month and charged a small amount of cents per copy for the number of copies that exceeded 2000 per month. As a result, customers made a large number of copies in the same era, thus the Company generated a large amount of money from the machine. Osterwalder Alexander was so pleased about the idea, thus came up with a Business Model Canvas, which was a simple graphical template that described the nine important components in a business. They include; value propositions, resources, customer segments, customer relationships, business activities, revenue streams, costs, channels and partnerships (Osterwalder, Pigneur & Smith, 2010). In this regard, the Business Model Canvas is a tactical management template that is essential in creating new or documenting the already existing business models (Greenwald, 2012). Business Model Canvas is as very essential aspect in every organisation. In this regard, much emphasis should be placed on its utilisation so as to enhance the efficiency of the organisation, thus attain the stated goals. The United States Marine Corps cannot predict the uncertain event that may be faced by people. Thus, if such occurrences occur, the organisation has the duty to protect the citizen and its interests. In order to achieve the stipulated goals, the organisation ought to put into consideration a number of essential aspects. In this case, the United States Marine Corps

The Problem of Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay Example for Free

The Problem of Water in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay The promised land is primarily an arid land: Israel has very scarce water resources to ensure its survival. The water issue is a central part of the relationship that Israel maintains with its neighbors. The Middle East is a geographical area that is experiencing what experts have called a state of water stress, that is to say, a structural imbalance between a limited water capital and a consumption in strong growth given its population and pace of economic development. One cannot validly address the water battle in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and more broadly in the context of the crisis in the Middle East, without adressing the effect of a set of epiphenomena guaranteeing peace or war. The water issue has taken a clear geopolitical character in relations between Israel and the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. Tensions have their origin in the large disparity in consumption between the two communities that share the same sources of water. Water is a crucial dimension in the conflict between Israel and Palestine. In this region the semi desert climate, where rainfall is absent from April to September with temperatures during the period between 30Â °C and 50Â °C. The issue of water is a critical dimension in the peace process. The water control is what makes the viability and economic power of the Hebrew state. It quickly became the cornerstone of the Zionist strategy from the early twentieth century. One may wonder then what role does water occupy in the culture and religion of the State of Israel. How and to what extent this natural element, is an important cultural and religious symbol in the country’s politics? How could the Hebrew State accept to share more equitably an already scarce resource? From the early twentieth century, Zionist leaders were already aware of the crucial importance of water in a hypothetical state of Israel well before its inception. Chaim Weizman, who became the first president of the Jewish state, imagined in 1919 to include the Litani River, an affluent of the Jordan river within Israeli borders. The border will eventually be established a few kilometers further south, leaving control of the strategic point to Lebanon. In 1953, the young state of Israel embarked on the construction of a huge pipeline from the north of the Sea of Galilee to the Negev desert. But Syria immediately intervenes and prevents it by using canons. The construction site will start over safely in the south. After the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and the Syrian part of the Golan, two strategic objectives for the water supply. The Golan Heights is a natural water reservoir that feeds the lake of Tiberias. Afraid that Syria would divert the rivers that descend into its own territory away from Israel, the Hebrew State has refused to cede the Golan to Syria. It is a fact that for the past 65 years, the Jewish state uses much of the groundwater flowing in its territory. Two-thirds of Israels water needs are provided by the groundwater of the West Bank, which are more exposed to pollution and overfishing. The depletion, combined with the arrival of new migrants, only accentuates the problem. The water potential of the West Bank consists of the surface water of the Jordan River and a few small streamsplus its groundwater regularly regenerated by the rains. Water availability is of great concern for Israel and the Occupied Territories, as it is well below the threshold of 500 cubic meters per year per capita. Withdrawals exceed the availables resources, and there is an overexploitation of groundwaters. Indeed, the groundwaters that benefit from an easy and inexpensive access are often overused, and they may experience significant drawdowns. This causes salinization. When they are in coastal position there is an intrusion of sea water. Operators then only pump salt or brackish water into the shallowest wells. This phenomenon is known in Gaza, Palestine, where the water table is gradually becoming unfit for human consumption. In this alarming context, Israel exploits most of the water leaving the Palestinians to settle for the bare minimum. The greater part of Israel resources was obtained after the creation of Israel in 1948, with the occupation of territories and the appropriating of all supply sources in the region. The occupation of the different territories called occupied is hydro-strategic, as it was of course, a territorial extension, but no matter which one it allowed for an increase in control over water resources in the region. The hydro-strategy can be defined as the art of maneuvering forces to accomplish politics in terms of hydraulic considerations. Israel controls all the water system in the occupied territories of Palestine. It has organized a deliberate unequal sharing of water resources: Israel diverts 75% of water resources from the occupied territories, leaving only 25% to the Palestinians. The average water consumption per capita of an Israeli is 5 times greater than that of a Palestinian. Besides water rationing, the Palestinians are victims of destruction of wells, water pipe and sanitation by the Israeli army. Israel has continued to establish Jewish settlements in the occupied territories. It is a way to be closer to the water reserves, or by diverting them to their advantage. Overexploited wells in Gaza makes water unfit for domestic consumption. Water quotas imposed by Israel make development impossible in the occupied territories endangering the survival of the Palestinians and causes serious health problems. The 26th mission of protection of the Palestinian people, in July 2002 has revealed the destruction of wells, sanitation and water pipes in the Gaza Strip and the Rafah area. Today, two thirds of Israels water needs are provided by resources from outside the 1948 borders: about one third comes from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and one third comes from the Sea of Galilee and the Yarmuk. 5% of the water of the occupied territories is consumed by Israel and its colonies. The population ratio between Israel and the Territories is 2 to 1 and the consumption of water is 11 to 1. Future discussions with the Palestinians will be difficult: they claim 80% of the resources of the West Bank. This would mean a 20% reduction of resources currently available for Israel. The issue of water is of utmost importance in an eventual peace settlement. On the other hand, Israel does not seem to concede some of the resources, and therefore Israel does not enforce many regulations despite their protest. Ignoring the Geneva Conventions, the Israeli government applies to the Occupied Territories a law dating from 1959 making water public property under the control of the state. Indeed, just after the occupation, control of water was given to the military authority which forbade any new water-related infrastructure construction. It then grabbed all water resources in Palestine declaring state ownership. In 1982, the Israeli water company, Mekorot, took control of the Palestinian water resources. Palestinian wells are destroyed and water resources are drained by drilling large-scale samples from deep wells for Israeli use only. Military legislation is introduced and colonization means the strategic maintenance of water resources in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, without which Israel can not grow or survive. Therefore we understand how the control of water and land, inseparable pair, leads the Zionist strategy. Israeli agricultural policy is the very expression of the Zionist ideal of flourishing the desert. Exports are also a way to show to the world that Israel lacks nothing in terms of quality of life, it is bound to be a great ountry, and the immigration of Jews to Israel, considered as a safe haven, may still continue. This is the reason why no Israeli politician can give up on the blue gold of the Occupied Territories. Israel sees as a casus belli any attempt to appropriate water resources by neighboring countries. This is the case for example of Syria which covets a part of Jordan. Today the Gaza Strip returned to the Palestinians is an area that has experienced excessive pumping so that its remai ning water is unfit for consumption (pollution, salinization ). The groundwaters sources take decades to recover. The long-term prospects are alarming because the region lacks water and miss more because resources are limited and demand will only increase, given the high population growth on both sides. The World Bank predicts that by 2040 the demand for Israel, the Occupied Territories and Jordan could rise to 7 billion cubic meters. As of 1994 the Israeli water consumption was 2 billion cubic meters per year. However the local ressources can in theory only ensure 1. 5 billion cubic meters. Clearly the resources of the Jordan River Basin are inadequate. Therefore the solution could be by regional water transfers, hence the interest in Lebanese Litany river, or the costly use of unconventional resources: desalination of sea water, wastewater recycling, etc. However, financial resources are unequal and the Palestinians will not be able to afford to take on these costs. Thus, the prospect of regional cooperation could be a difficult solution to implement, but achievable because this water so rare and valuable will also be greatly missed by Israel if the overexploitation are maintained at this rate.

Oedipus the King | Imagery and sybolism

Oedipus the King | Imagery and sybolism Sophocles use of light and darkness in Oedipus the King acts as an aid in the character development. The associated imagery and symbolism in the play manifests Sophocles ideas to the reader which gets them involved in reading and understanding the play. Throughout time, the presence of light in any situation has always been construed as the presence of knowledge, good spirits, parity holiness. For darkness the converse is true. Not only is it representative of holiness, but also, the presence of light shows that we should be able to see far, similar to how much we know of something. After all, it is hard to fathom a human who can see in the dark. In Oedipus Rex, sight and blindness are also used as allusions to light and darkness, albeit not with exactly the same meanings. A blind person is in the dark about what is going on around him, with no knowledge about his setting, and is handicapped while making choices. A sighted person is well aware of his setting, and should be able to make decisions while being able to see the repercussions. It is also hard to draw a line to where the different interpretations stop. It can be used in the same work to show any of the different meanings interchangeably. This makes it such a useful tool for an author to draw attention to specific character traits and development, without becoming overly technical in writing. By combining all of these ideas, playwright is able to portray a deeper meaning than could possibly be explicitly written. Also, the author is able to express a complex idea with a single word; ie light representing knowledge and truth. Oedipus Rex is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles, who was a celebrated ancient Greek poet. The play is together with Antigone and Oedipus at Colonus part of what is called the Theban plays, all set in Thebes and concerned with the town of Thebes before, during and after Oedipus reign as Theban king (Sophocles Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). A tragic hero must fulfill four criteria; nobility, harmatia (i.e a flaw), peripetia (i.e. reversal of fortune) and anagnorisis (i.e. discovery that peripetia was caused by the heros own actions). (What is a Tragic Hero? Yahoo! Answers, 2013) The basic plot of a tragedy is the rise of a character to become a leader of men, the fall of the character due to a character flaw and the realisation of the character flaw that destroys him. In Oedipus the King, the priest describes Thebes as the City of Light. Thebes normally is supposed to be a prosperous town; all that it touches is supposed to turn to gold. There is joy and happiness around every corner. In such conditions, Oedipus could waltz in and no one would bat an eyelid. However, the same priest describes how the plague has taken over the city by saying; And deadly pestilence, that fiery god, swoops down to blast the city, emptying the House of Cadmus, filling it with blackness like Hades  [1]  . This indicates a total contrast to how its supposed to be. The once prosperous city is now under the curse of the sphinx. With the darkness comes disease, uncertainty and emptiness and with it the need for a hero. The stage is now set for Oedipus entry. A need has been created for a leader of men. The use of the imagery of darkness has paved the way for Oedipus to rise above all other men. Another example of successful character development using light/darkness imagery is when Oedipus promises to Creon, the messenger, that I will shed light on this darkness  [2]  . Creon had just told Oedipus that the curse on their land would be lifted when Lauis killer is banished or killed.  [3]   Oedipus implies that he would investigate Lauis murder and ensure that justice is served. The magnitude of this quote is in its development of the tragic hero that is Oedipus. He is just trying to avenge his predecessors death but is inadvertently plotting his own downfall. This is part of the flaw in Oedipus character. Oedipus flaw is that cannot see what is beneath the surface. The fact that he wants to clear up the mess and lift the curse is commendable, but in doing so, Oedipus will implicate himself and begin the reversal of fortune. Throughout the play, a recurring theme is the blindness of some and full sight of others, yet it is those who are allegedly blind who are enlightened. Take Tereisias for example, who was the blind prophet of Thebes. Only he is able to put two and two together and see the bigger picture. Tereisias acts as the antagonist in the play, providing a balanced counter view in the drama, giving Oedipus a chance to realise his flaws. For example, a reader of Oedipus cannot miss the irony in a blind man telling a sighted one that he is committing a grave crime by sleeping with his legitimate wife and that he would one day also be blind and need a guide to move along just like him  [4]  . Tereisias also assures Oedipus that he cannot tell who hes sharing a household with.  [5]  Oedipus cannot fathom how this could possibly happen, and resorts to calling Tereisias a traitor and stupid. Tereisias replies to Oedipus, also in an outburst of anger, that Those clear-seeing eyes will be blinded. Oedipus was unable to see that he would have to gouge his own eyes because it was he who had brought the curse onto the land. The net effect is that now we have a protagonist who is also arrogant, overly proud, and unable to perceive the path fate is leading him along. Oedipus character is now that of a tragic hero in waiting, and it is just a matter of time before he discovers his ancestry, and with it the terrible sins he has committed. Oedipus comes to the realisation that he is the cursed polluter of the land, husband of his mother and father of his brothers

DaVinvi The last Supper Essay -- essays research papers

The Last Supper has been and will be one of the most talked about works of Leonardo Da Vinci’s work of art. The work of art was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498; it contained the event depicted in the bible as the final days when Jesus announced that he would be betrayed by one of his twelve disciples.† Leonardo had chosen to depict the moment when Jesus says, â€Å"One of you will betray me†.1 The painting is located in the dining hall of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Italy. The painting was commissioned by Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. The painting it self has a massive presence of 15 feet high by 29 feet wide. Even though most facts stated that the painted was not completed until three years after it was started. It was also well known that Da Vinci was a procrastinator, meaning the he did not consistently work on the art for a time period of three years but on and off when he had the time, subjects and motivation. It is said that most of his ti me with the painting was looking for model for the art work it is said that when he working on the picture it’s self he would stare at it for hours and then climb the ladder and paint for hours. Later he would not be seen for days and then show up paint a few stokes ad leave again. Much of the work was sporadically done. The painting was done on a large dry stone wall that was first treated with a base or primer. The stone wall was sealed with a layer of pitch, gesso and mastic. From there it was painted with tempera. U... DaVinvi The last Supper Essay -- essays research papers The Last Supper has been and will be one of the most talked about works of Leonardo Da Vinci’s work of art. The work of art was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498; it contained the event depicted in the bible as the final days when Jesus announced that he would be betrayed by one of his twelve disciples.† Leonardo had chosen to depict the moment when Jesus says, â€Å"One of you will betray me†.1 The painting is located in the dining hall of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Italy. The painting was commissioned by Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. The painting it self has a massive presence of 15 feet high by 29 feet wide. Even though most facts stated that the painted was not completed until three years after it was started. It was also well known that Da Vinci was a procrastinator, meaning the he did not consistently work on the art for a time period of three years but on and off when he had the time, subjects and motivation. It is said that most of his ti me with the painting was looking for model for the art work it is said that when he working on the picture it’s self he would stare at it for hours and then climb the ladder and paint for hours. Later he would not be seen for days and then show up paint a few stokes ad leave again. Much of the work was sporadically done. The painting was done on a large dry stone wall that was first treated with a base or primer. The stone wall was sealed with a layer of pitch, gesso and mastic. From there it was painted with tempera. U...

The American Economy Essay -- Economics Governmental Automobiles Essay

The American Economy The American economy is a vibrant, free-market system that is constantly developing out of the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play multiple, often overlapping roles as consumers, producers, investors and voters. The changes in the organization and performances of the manufacturing industry over the last century have helped shape the American economy. The Automotive industry perhaps made the biggest changes to their manufacturing processes. I will be reviewing the role of the industrialist Henry Ford and his innovative methods that changed the organization and performance of the American manufacturing industry forever. He produced an affordable car, paid high wages and helped create a middle class, which in turn fueled the America Industrial revolution into overdrive mode. I will also review the impact of these performance and organizational changes on the service sector and the agricultural industry. But first we look at the automotive industry. The requirements for mass production of a particular commodity must include the existence of mass consumption of the commodity, sufficient to justify large investment. Most early automobile companies were small shops, hundreds of which each produced a few handmade cars, predominately sold to the rich. In America almost all of the producers were assemblers who put together components and parts that were manufactured by separate firms. The assembly technique also lent itself to an advantageous method of financing. It was possible to begin building motor vehicles with minimal investment of capital by buying parts on credit and selling the finished cars for cash; the cash sale from manufacturer to dealer has been integral in the marketing of motor vehicles in the United States ever since. The outstanding contribution of the automotive industry to technological advance was the introduction of full-scale mass production, a process combining precision, consistency, interchangeability, organization, and continuity. America, with its large population, high standard of living, and long distances, was the natural birthplace of the technique, which had been partly explored by agricultural methods, in the 19th century. The U.S. role was emphasized in the popular description of standardization and interchangeability as "the American system of manufacture." The fundamental te... ... But during times of hardship, economy downturns or even long-term recession, a basic instinct of survival takes over. As a rule, consumers look for the best values for what they spend, while producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell. Government, at the federal, state and local levels, seeks to promote the public safety, assure reasonable competition. The U.S. economy has changed in other ways as well. The population and the labor force have moved dramatically from farms to cities, from fields to factories and, above all, to service industries. In today's economy, the providers of personal and public services far outnumber producers of agricultural and manufacture goods. The consumer will exert a measure of influence over the market economy. Naturally, most consumers look for good values when they buy, as well as product reliability and safety. If one automobile manufacturer, domestic or foreign, produces a better car at a lower price, the market will b egin to shift as that car attracts more sales than its competitors. In theory, this phenomenon rewards efficient producers who maintain high quality at low prices, and drives out those who cannot compete.

Essays --

Description of Technology and Associated Science When considering technology and its history, defining technology is crucial. According to David Banta from the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands, technology can be described as â€Å"science or knowledge applied to a specific purpose.† An even more advanced, specific definition would be â€Å"a broad concept that deals with use and knowledge of tools and crafts and how its use affects the ability to control and adapt to the social and physical environment.† Technology consists not only of material objects, but also of systems, methods of organization, and techniques. Technology can involve specific areas like: electricity, computers, cellphones, etc. or more broad areas like: construction technology, health technology, business technology, etc. (Banta, 2009). Technology can be broken down further into five specific categories. Tangible technology pertains to physical things like blueprints, models, prototypes, etc. The second category is intangible technology, referring to problem solving and training methods. The third category, High technology, focuses on completely automated technology or intelligent technology. Artificial Intelligence is one example of this. The intermediate category includes somewhat intelligent technology. Finally, low technology involves a lot of labor and the rare use of intelligent tools. Simple farming tools like a hoe and rake would fit in the category of low level technology. Every invention in history was designed for a specific purpose in order to meet a specific need of the society in which it was created. In the midst of the industrial revolution, for example, people were restricted by daylight hours and unable to work after dark. After the inv... ...hungho Com Net Co., Ltd. begins developing Teller Machines for banks. 1994: ICL, the IT services company, has designed the first  cash dispenser  (CD) with a bill paying facility.   Over the years there has been a big controversy on who actually invented the ATM first. The reason for this is because so many people had the idea over the years and inventors created similar machines around the same time. Here are some of the ideas of who actually created the ATM first: Luther George Simjian developed the idea in 1939, but he couldn't make a commercial success out of it. James Goodfellow of Scottland holds a patent from 1966 for a full service ATM. There is also John Shepherd-Barron's machine from Barclay's Bank in London in 1967. Finally there is the more modern ATM from 1968 created by Don Witzel and his colleagues. (Automatic teller machine ATM. n.d.)

How the American Revolution Got Started

The events that took place before the American Revolution affected history in such a way giving the British and colonists the need to have a Revolution. The French and Indian war is the name for the war that took place between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. The aftermath of this war was a big part leading up to the American Revolution. The war changed economic, political, and social relations between the three European powers (Britain, France, and Spain) their colonies and colonists, and the natives that occupied the territories they demanded. The war finally ended with the signing of the treaty of Paris in 1763. France and Britain suffered financially because of the war. The stamp act came along in 1765, this was a direct tax imposed by the British parliament on the colonies. The act required that almost all printed materials must be produced on stamped paper. This consisted of legal documents, magazines, newspapers etc. The purpose of this tax was to pay for troops stationed in North America after the British Victory in the seven years’ war. The stamp Act congress was a meeting of representatives from the thirteen colonies. They discussed and acted upon the stamp act that was passed by the governing parliament of Great Britain, and did not include any representatives from the colonies. The congress then put together the declaration of the stamp act congress, which was fourteen points of colonial protest. They issued it to the king and parliament in hopes of repealing the stamp act. The Townsend acts were a series of laws passed beginning in 1767 by the Great Britain parliament in relation to the British colonies in North America, The acts being named after Charles Townshend who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Overall this was an internal tax on economic activity within a single colony; Townsend wanted the external taxes which was an economic activity that goes through a colony and into other parts of the country. Such as paint, glass, tea etc. He thought we should use the money to pay the colonial governor, other parliaments and the king’s salaries. Another event was the Boston massacre, an incident that happened in March of 1770. It started out as a street fight, the civilians being mad at the British for taxing everything and ended in Britain redcoats killing five civilians. This caused a lot rebellion in the British American colonies leading us towards the American Revolution. Five years later Shots were heard around the world. Paul Revere on April 18th yelled out the British regulars are coming! The first shot was fired by the British in Lexington, and then they went to Concord. Then our militia stopped them and turned them back to Boston. This was the start of the revolution, minute men were ready to stand in a minutes warning. The colonists were not going to stand for the British taking over their land and taxing them on all of their goods, so they fought for their rights. US constitution There were proposals at the philadelphia constitution convention in 1787. These proposals were the virginia plan, and the new jersey plan that people did not like. The US contitution was ratified after the Great compromise came into effect. Otherwise known as the conneticut plan. This consisted of a strong national government (tax, raising an army, regulated trade, and supremed laws). Another was the seperation of powers between legislative and executive. Also there would be two houses of congress, the senate and the House of Representatives. The states would be able to choose their US senators. Lastly there was the slavery 3/5th compromise meaning a slave counts as 3/5 of a person. When the U. S. Constitution was presented to the states, many people chose to be either Federalists or Anti-Federalists. Virginia and many other states were against the Constitution because there was no bill of rights included in it. James Madison was known as the â€Å"Father of the Constitution†, and he and Alexander Hamilton were two Federalists who supported the Constitution and explicated it in the Federalist papers (1788). On the other side George Mason, an Anti-Federalist, opposed the Constitution. Federalist (James madison) wanted a stronger government and argued to ratify the constitution. The US constitution will control factions which is a group of people with a common interest and economic seek to control government for own benefit. 1. ) Also the bigger the better in a national government, multiple factions will cancel one another out. 2. ) WE will choose the best among us to govern for the common good (republicanism) Anti Federalists – opposed to ratifying the constitution Partrick henry thought things were okay before the philadalphia convention and we were at peace. He also thought a large government would have to resort to tyranny to control everything menaing a loss of individual rights. He thought we should have lumped the states into a consolidated government. Samuel bryan thought governing over such a large area would be unable to address local concerns. Richard henry lee didn’t know it would be such a huge change.

Paper on Critically Examining the Educational Policy of Malaysia

Malayansia is champion of the worlds hurrying maturement economical regions, a apace festering masses in the life of southeastward East Asia. inside a thwart of ii decades, it has succeeded in manner of verbalise or so socioeconomic trans leapation of the enactliness from its com vester architecture to its lifestyle, the Malayan character speaks of a homey coexistence of its ethnic, ethnical as reasoning(a) as spiritual diver turn ony that continues to be a art object of this farmings charm and receipts measure up reality.Malaysias imaging 2020 steers the nation towards becoming a amply dis goed and industrialized boorish, a representative lodge that is unshakable in religious and spiritual determine, a triggery that is sluttish and tolerant, scientific and progressive, innovative and forth looking. This finale is reflected in the mission of the Ministry of p atomic crook 18nt come along, that is To m otherwise a world build bore knowle dge st placegy which forget cultivate close the expert potential of the individual and gather the consumption of the Malayan nation. preparation has pop the questiond a remark satisfactory platform for countrys political as soundhead as economic perceptual constancy with a view to establishing Malaysia as a regional pennyer for pedantic virtuousness and go reproduction into a fade spirit export commodity. The Malaysian culture clay has fitted out(p) its young people with a take of competence and learnings which has put them on par with the top students in just nearly of the worlds best universities, and at 93%, Malaysias literacy straddle is one of the gamyest in the world.The theme aims at critic every last(predicate)y examining the upbringingal insurance of the Ministry of bust Malaysia, with description of social, judicatureal and economic environments in which the indemnity was developed. Effectiveness of the policy ordain be taxd and p roblems related to it result be and gameylighted, with comparison to the one of the models from class lecture, i.e. the incremental model of unexclusive policy.The stand for the maturement of the theme direction organisation rests on the exact doctrine of commandment, which renders that upbringing in Malaysia is an on-going perspiration towards further develop the potential of individuals in a holistic and containd manner, so as to name individuals who argon intellectu in tot uplyy, spiritually, emotionally and physically balance and harmonious, ground on a unbendable belief in and awe to God.Malaysia existence a multi-relligious country, spiritual, religious and even offeous characteristics of the individuals argon mellowly emphasized and encour hop ond, which is discipline from the issue philosophy as healthful. much(prenominal) an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who argon knowledgeable and competent, who possess high good standards, and who argon trus cardinalrthy and adapted of achieving high aim of personal upbeat as considerably as able to h hoary to the harmony and go againstment of the family, the society and the nation at large.One of the several(prenominal) signifi rai bunch reforms initiated in re penny classs is the cookery of peeled legislation on direction, which exit affect the process of groomingal reforms from pre- shallow to high(prenominal) preparation. The commandment displace 1996 transposition the old one of 1961 aims at consolidating the interior(a) organization of takeing and bign the scope of preparation in the country. All categories of rails, with the elision of planetary ones will be corporate at a debase place the field arranging of direction, which is characterized by the riding habit of a mutual limitedty of assertion, a nationally stilled political programme and parking atomic number 18a everyday exams. It will overly cover much(p renominal)(prenominal) aras as upgrading and enhancing of pre- develop fosterage, memoriseer inform method, specific rearing, insular and skillful teaching. It gives the knowledge great prominence, ensuring relevance and flavour in the agreement of shallowing.The Ministry of bringing up is directly responsible for the organization, man historic periodment and maturation of the raising in the country and has a pennyralized agreement of centeringal system headed by the Minister of procreation. Hi is back up by devil lieutenant Ministers of program line. The secretary- ecumenical of cultivation is responsible for the administrative matters, and the Director-General of drilling is bear on with passkey matters, and twain argon directly responsible to the Minister of raising.The Ministry was restructured in 1995 and nether this rising structure at that place be six principal plane sections, much(prenominal) as Pre- naturalise, essential and su bstitute pedagogy Department, Department of high culture which coordinates cheek and policy formulation of everyday universities and high facts of life institutions in the country proficient information Department which is responsible for conducting explore, prep atomic number 18dness and implementing skillful and vocational programs Department of semi tete-a-tete program line which monitors and regulates the development of semi cliquish didactics in the country Department of sp ar culture and Department of Muslim Education which supervises the Islamic and Moral Education at all man essential and substitute(prenominal) schools. to a fault these six Departments, on that point ar some(prenominal) course of studys, agencies and statutory bodies inwardly the Ministry of Education that ar responsible for professional and administrative matters that argon non handled by the six Departments. They can be classified on a lower floor deuce commodious categor ies, namely passe-partout and administrative theatrical roles.Under Professional Divisions ar didacticsal supplying and Research Division, which nethertakes macro instruction teaching methodal planning, and monitors the execution of instrument of informational policies and programs educational technology Division, which upgrades the case of the direction- development process by providing educational media and technological services to obligate educational programs Examinations Syndicate responsible for organizing, administrating and conducting all public interrogatives for schools and Federal Inspectorate of conditions, providing professional lapse on the teaching- cultivation process of teachers and supervisory watchfulness to school principals.Under Administrative Divisions, at that place be Organizational Development and operate Division, which oversees the execution of the term and conditions of the education service comprehension Division Management run Division responsible for handling general administrative matters for the Ministry of Education Financial Division study Systems Division and International relations Division.The administrative structure is organized at quadruplet hierarchical directs, namely, national, state, district and school.A system of committees is naturalised in the Ministry of Education to assist inter-division and intra-division decision-making. The Minister chairs the Education Planning Committee, which is the highest decision-making proboscis at the federal direct touch with educational policy ad option, valuation account and death penalty. form _or_ system of government matters in education with wider ramifications are referred to console table before final decisions are do.b) conjure Education Department (SED)Those educational policies and plans made at the federal direct are routine at the state train through the State Education Department. It supervises the capital punishment of education policies, monitor national education programs, project and activities, as hygienic as providing feedback to the central agencies for general planning. district Education Offices are set up in almost all states, except Perlis, malacca cane and the Federal Territories, in launch to embody the state train administrative system. It essentially leave behinds the linkage amid schools and the SED.At the take of school, the Headmasters/Principals, assisted by two or trinity Senior Assistants are responsible for providing professional as healthful as administrative leadership in schools. The Parent-Teacher Associations (PTA) foster stop cooperation between the school and the community.Malaysia bring home the bacons 11 historic period of free schooling. Education is the righteousness of the Federal establishment, and 20,4% of the annual depicted object reckon is allocated for education. The national education system encompasses education beginning from pre-schoo l to high education. aboriginal(a) quill and subsidiary education is free merely non compulsory. Excellence has been achieved through a guardedly designed system that allows flexibility and mode for individual adventes. This is really apparent(a) at the pre-school and a puddle at 3rd level. neverthe slight particular and vicarious education is highly structured, with a curriculum which enables the sound accomplishment of fundamental knowledge and skills. The main course age to the first social class of first-string education is six. Most schools in the country are government or government-aided schools. The school stratum starts in January and ends in November. Students sit for common exams at the end get through direct, light petty(a), fastness petty(a) and one-sixth form levels.The primary level covers a flowing of between five to sevensome days, the lower supplementary deuce-ace days, followed by two classs at the hurrying substitute and an di fferent two years at the post molybdenumary level. third education in some(prenominal) the academic and professional fields id contributed by universities colleges and opposite public and insular institutions of higher education as shown in Chart 1.Pre-school education id part of the national education system under the Education Act, 1996. The aim of pre-school education is to provide a firm alkali for schematic education at the later on stage. They are run by government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as nonpublic institutions. Children by and large begin their pre-school level between quartet and five years of age. Within the broad guidelines set by the Ministry of Education, a high degree of flexibility prevails in terms of teaching approaches and ordinary of instruction. The curriculum guidelines set by the Ministry of Education enables pre-school baby birdren to take up sufficient elementary dialogue, social and other unconditional ski lls in preparation for primary schooling. radical school begins at six years of age, and may be undefiled within five to seven years. Education at this level aims to provide the child with a firm establishment in the prefatorial skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, as well as emphasizing thinking skills and set across the curriculum. Eventhough education at this level is not compulsory, to a great extent than 99 per centum of this age group are enrolled in primary schools nationwide. fetching into consideration the social nature of its population, Malaysia has set up two categories of schools the National and National-type schools. In the national schools the medium of instruction is the Malay talking to, whereas the medium of instruction in the national type schools is every Chinese or Tamil languages.In both types of schools the Malay language is compulsory, and face is besides taught as second language in addition to Chinese, Tamil and other natal languages.Th e curriculum use at this level id the Integrated Curriculum for Primary instructs (ICPS) which consists of triplet main areas, namely, Communication, Man and his Environment, and ego Development. twain appraisal examinations at year three and six are apply to evaluate student writ of execution. Outstanding students at year three can opt to go straight into year five.Secondary school offers a oecumenical education program. It aims to foster the general development of students by lot them to acquire knowledge, insight and skills from wide effigy of arts and eruditions as well as vocational and technical foul subjects that provide a practical bias and hands-on approach to learning. Basically, the ultimate goal is to develop a strong foundation for life-long education as students are introduced to the beginnings of redundantization. The medium of instruction is the Malay language, English, Tamil and Chinese are excessively widely taught as second language. following(a) the Lower Secondary assessment examination (PMR) at year three, students motility into much spareized fields of study at the fastness indirect level, based on choice and aptitude of the students, and are reevaluated at year five through the Malaysian Certificate of Education (SPM) assessment examination. close to unoriginal schools offer the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM) program which qualifies students for entre into the national universities, colleges and teacher training institutions.Co-curricular programs are regarded as integral part of the school curriculum, and there are fundamentally three types of co-curricular activities, namely, uniformed bodies, clubs and sports. Some co-curricular programs and activities are part financed by government agencies and the private sphere of influence, and implemented at school, district, state and national levels. variant co-curricular programs are organized to develop character, agree and leadership qualities of the students.Some of these programs are School younker Cadet Corp., School evoke Brigade Corp., and other leadership courses. The Youth is highly further to procure in various Entrepreneurial Programs, writing, speaking and debating competitions as well as cultural activities to take a shit cultural awareness and literary keep among the students. Cultural exchange programs are held to gain closer ties and foster better descent between students of different countries regionally and internationally. excess education provides educational opportunities for pupils with special needs, such as the spastic, handicapped, visually stricken, earshot impaired as well as those with learning disabilities. Currently there are 2883 schools in the country which are equipped with both teaching staff and facilities to help integrate these children within the general school system. However, those needing much intensive care and maintenance control 31 special schools.The Education Act 1996 prov ides for special provision of special education in special schools or in regular primary and secondary schools. As a policy, the duration of schooling for children with special needs in a evening gown system should not be less than that accorded to pupils in regular primary and secondary schools. To ensure effective implementation of special education programs, the Special Teachers knowledge College conducts courses for teachers of the visually and hearing impaired students.By the counseling of shedding light on the policies follow by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia, it would be cartridge clipserving to evaluate their effectiveness, and give some solutions for archaean melioratements. During the Sixth Plan period, i.e. 1991-95, the boilersuit pig out of education was on expanding talent and change magnitude access to all levels of education, modify the address system and improving the character reference of education. Consequently, it resulted in emergences i n registration at all levels of education.Recognizing the immensity of pre-school education efforts were taken by the Ministry to annex facilities and emend eccentric of pre-school education. Efforts by both the public and private spheres including non-governmental organizations, resulted in an adjoin in pre-school centers from or so 6,960 in 1990 to 10,350 in 1995. Correspondingly, the number of children in the 5-6 age category enrolled change magnitude from 328,800 in 1990 to 420,600 in 1995, representing an amplify of 27,9 per cent.10Establishment of pre-school centers in the awkward areas was very much emphasized, of the replete(p) pre-school centers established by the administration, 80% were in country-bred areas, which benefited about 204,100 awkward children.11In primary education the main focussing was on expanding capacity, improving living facilities, and the tint of teaching and learning materials. In put in to bring cheer in cognition from an earl y age, the old existing class were rewrite and some young ones were introduced. In articulate to accommo fancy appends in adjustment, void overcrowding, a thorough of 9,530 additional classrooms were constructed. With hunting lodge facilities provided in rural and remote areas, students were able to gain access to a more conducive learning environment.In roam to delineate qualified and work throughd teachers to set in the rural and remote areas, an incentives were introduced for those those unbidden to teach in rural areas. Efforts were also undertaken to provide greater access to education for modify children and those with learning difficulties. Despite efforts to improve the overall academic performance of primary school students, gaps in students accomplishments between rural and urban schools still remained.readjustment at the secondary level in Government and Government aided schools change magnitude by 23.1 per cent from about 1.3 jillion in 1990 to about 1.6 million in 199512 as shown in Table 1. With the gradual implementation of the policy in the Sixth Plan, the passage rate from lower to focal ratio secondary level improved from 68 per cent in 1990 to 83 per cent in 1995, term the fight rate at the upper secondary level plusd from 50. Per cent in 1990 to 63.7 per cent in 1995.13 cod to profit enrolment in urban schools and to void overcrowding, a total of 5,20 additional classrooms was planned for construction. However, only 75% or 3,960 classrooms were completed. Despite improvement measures bring undertaken, there were still concerns regarding student achievement and the residue of students who chose science subjects at the upper secondary level.In order to welcome the manpower requirements of a rapidly increase economy, ordinal education was directed at increasing enrollment at the degree, fleece and documentation levels, curiously in science, medicine, engineering and other technical related courses.. Efforts were undertaken to increase divine guidance into local public institutions of higher learning by expanding physical facilities of existing campuses and establishing new universities. Opportunities for Bumiputera to pursue studies at the tertiary level were expanded at the Institut Teknologi mara (ITM) where enrollment increased from 27.500 in 1990 to 35.480 in 1995. Enrollment at the degree, diploma and security levels increased by 52.7 per cent from 100.590 in 1990 to 153.610 in 1995. In 1995 an estimated 50.600 Malaysian students or 20 per cent of students in tertiary education were enrolled in various institutions overseas.14In order to congruous the objective of education and skill training programs, which is to produce an fair to middling number of skilled and quality custody to meet the manpower requirements of the country as well as produce citizens who are develop and possess high clean-living values and good work ethics, the following measures were suggested to incr ease the capacity of existing institutions and establishing new ones, in particular in science, engineering and other technical fields prove the deliverance system through the provision of qualified and experienced teachers and instructors, as well as greater utilization of up to date technologies and computers so as to improve the overall quality improve the trouble and implementation of education and training programs through enhancing managerial aptitude as well as modify the monitoring and evaluating system strengthen research and development (R&D) within the existing institutions of higher learning as well s collaborating with local and foreign R&D institutions increase science and technical manpower, particularly in R&D provide appropriate incentives to increase enrollment in the science stream. improve educational facilities in rural areas so as to pull down dropouts from the schools, while at the resembling time helping the children to perform better inform positive values and right attitudes as well as innovativeness, communication and analytic skills among students and trainees encourage reemployment of retired teachers to overcome the problems with shortages in diminutive subjects encourage more private sector investment in education and training to complement public sector efforts.15As far-off as the future(a) development of pre-school education is concerned, the Government targets at participation of at least 65 per cent of children in the age of 5-6. A comprehensive policy will be explicate for the development of pre-school education, covering major aspects such as curriculum, physical facilities and teacher training, in addition to further improvements of coordination and quality of pre-school education in the public and private sectors. In this respect the latter will be encouraged to provide more pre-school facilities. Furthermore, greater parental involvement in their childrens education will be encouraged to increase awareness of parents on the importance of pre-school education in their childrens development. New political platform and teaching methods with emphasis to practical experience will be further developed.As far as secondary education is concerned, the enrollment at the secondary level in Government and Government-aided schools is expected to increase by 25 per cent from about 1.6 million in 1995 to 2.0 million in the year 2000. The increase will be more significant at the upper secondary level with the extension of basic education from nine to 11 years. A total of 9,770 new classrooms will be make in order to hold the increase in enrollment and reduce overcrowding.16 command method which are simple, practical and enkindle will continue to be used in order to increase students interest as well as improve their performance.Appropriate incentives will be provided to science students so as to increase enrollment in the science stream. Taking into key the latest technological development, the use of computers in secondary schools will be extensively promoted to build a strong foundation for a computer literate society. across-the-board monitoring and evaluation of students performance at all levels will be undertaken, in addition to development of new teaching and learning approaches so as to stir students academic performance.Paper on critically Examining the Educational Policy of MalaysiaMalaysia is one of the worlds fastest growing economic regions, a rapidly growing nation in the heart of South East Asia. Within a span of two decades, it has succeeded in bringing about socioeconomic transformation of the society from its architecture to its lifestyle, the Malaysian character speaks of a comfortable coexistence of its ethnic, cultural as well as religious diversity that continues to be a part of this countrys charm and practical reality.Malaysias Vision 2020 steers the nation towards becoming a fully developed and industrialized country, a democratic society that i s strong in religious and spiritual values, a society that is liberal and tolerant, scientific and progressive, innovative and forward looking. This goal is reflected in the mission of the Ministry of Education, that is To develop a world class quality education system which will realize the full potential of the individual and fulfill the aspiration of the Malaysian nation.Education has provided a solid platform for countrys political as well as economic stability with a view to establishing Malaysia as a regional center for academic excellence and turning education into a top quality export commodity. The Malaysian education system has equipped its young people with a level of competence and skills which has put them on par with the top students in some of the worlds best universities, and at 93%, Malaysias literacy rate is one of the highest in the world.The paper aims at critically examining the educational policy of the Ministry of Education Malaysia, with description of social , governmental and economic environments in which the policy was developed. Effectiveness of the policy will be evaluated and problems related to it will be further highlighted, with comparison to the one of the models from class lecture, i.e. the incremental model of public policy.The foundation for the development of the national education system rests on the National Philosophy of Education, which states that Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God.Malaysia being a multi-relligious country, spiritual, religious and moral characteristics of the individuals are highly emphasized and encouraged, which is clear from the national philosophy as well. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable a nd competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as able to contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large.One of the most significant reforms initiated in recent years is the formulation of new legislation on education, which will affect the process of educational reforms from pre-school to higher education. The Education Act 1996 replacing the old one of 1961 aims at consolidating the national system of education and widen the scope of education in the country. All categories of schools, with the exception of international ones will be incorporated under the national system of education, which is characterized by the use of a common medium of instruction, a nationally excepted curriculum and common public exams. It will also cover such areas as upgrading and enhancing of pre-school education, teacher education, special education, private and techni cal education. It gives the education greater prominence, ensuring relevance and quality in the system of education.The Ministry of Education is directly responsible for the organization, management and development of the education in the country and has a centralized system of educational administration headed by the Minister of Education. Hi is assisted by two Deputy Ministers of Education. The secretary-general of Education is responsible for the administrative matters, and the Director-General of Education is concerned with professional matters, and both are directly responsible to the Minister of Education.The Ministry was restructured in 1995 and under this new structure there are six principal Departments, such as Pre-school, Primary and Secondary Education Department, Department of Higher Education which coordinates governance and policy formulation of public universities and higher education institutions in the country Technical Education Department which is responsible for conducting research, planning and implementing technical and vocational programs Department of Private Education which monitors and regulates the development of private education in the country Department of Special Education and Department of Islamic Education which supervises the Islamic and Moral Education at all public primary and secondary schools.Besides these six Departments, there are several Divisions, agencies and statutory bodies within the Ministry of Education that are responsible for professional and administrative matters that are not handled by the six Departments. They can be classified under two broad categories, namely Professional and Administrative Divisions.Under Professional Divisions are Educational Planning and Research Division, which undertakes macro educational planning, and monitors the implementation of educational policies and programs Educational Technology Division, which upgrades the quality of the teaching-learning process by providing educational media and technological services to support educational programs Examinations Syndicate responsible for organizing, administrating and conducting all public examinations for schools and Federal Inspectorate of Schools, providing professional supervision on the teaching-learning process of teachers and supervisory management to school principals.Under Administrative Divisions, there are Organizational Development and Services Division, which oversees the implementation of the terms and conditions of the education service Scholarship Division Management Services Division responsible for handling general administrative matters for the Ministry of Education Financial Division Information Systems Division and International Relations Division.The administrative structure is organized at four hierarchical levels, namely, national, state, district and school.A system of committees is established in the Ministry of Education to facilitate inter-division and intra-division decision-making. T he Minister chairs the Education Planning Committee, which is the highest decision-making body at the federal level concerned with educational policy adoption, adjustment and implementation. Policy matters in education with wider ramifications are referred to Cabinet before final decisions are made.b) State Education Department (SED)Those educational policies and plans made at the federal level are implemented at the state level through the State Education Department. It supervises the implementation of education policies, monitor national education programs, project and activities, as well as providing feedback to the central agencies for general planning.District Education Offices are set up in almost all states, except Perlis, Malacca and the Federal Territories, in order to support the state level administrative system. It basically provides the linkage between schools and the SED.At the level of school, the Headmasters/Principals, assisted by two or three Senior Assistants are responsible for providing professional as well as administrative leadership in schools. The Parent-Teacher Associations (PTA) foster better cooperation between the school and the community.Malaysia provides 11 years of free schooling. Education is the responsibility of the Federal Government, and 20,4% of the annual National Budget is allocated for education. The national education system encompasses education beginning from pre-school to higher education.Primary and secondary education is free but not compulsory. Excellence has been achieved through a carefully designed system that allows flexibility and room for individual approaches. This is really apparent at the pre-school and again at tertiary level. However primary and secondary education is highly structured, with a curriculum which enables the sound acquisition of fundamental knowledge and skills. The admission age to the first year of primary education is six. Most schools in the country are government or government-aided schools. The school year starts in January and ends in November. Students sit for common exams at the end off primary, lower secondary, upper secondary and sixth form levels.The primary level covers a period of between five to seven years, the lower secondary three years, followed by two years at the upper secondary and another two years at the post secondary level. Tertiary education in both the academic and professional fields id provided by universities colleges and other public and private institutions of higher education as shown in Chart 1.Pre-school education id part of the national education system under the Education Act, 1996. The aim of pre-school education is to provide a firm foundation for formal education at the later stage. They are run by government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as private institutions. Children generally begin their pre-school level between four and five years of age. Within the broad guidelines set by the Ministry of Educ ation, a high degree of flexibility prevails in terms of teaching approaches and medium of instruction. The curriculum guidelines set by the Ministry of Education enables pre-school children to acquire sufficient basic communication, social and other positive skills in preparation for primary schooling.Primary school begins at six years of age, and may be completed within five to seven years. Education at this level aims to provide the child with a firm foundation in the basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, as well as emphasizing thinking skills and values across the curriculum. Eventhough education at this level is not compulsory, more than 99 percent of this age group are enrolled in primary schools nationwide.Taking into consideration the multi-ethnic nature of its population, Malaysia has set up two categories of schools the National and National-type schools. In the national schools the medium of instruction is the Malay language, whereas the medium of instruction i n the national type schools is either Chinese or Tamil languages.In both types of schools the Malay language is compulsory, and English is also taught as second language in addition to Chinese, Tamil and other indigenous languages.The curriculum used at this level id the Integrated Curriculum for Primary Schools (ICPS) which consists of three main areas, namely, Communication, Man and his Environment, and Self Development. Two assessment examinations at year three and six are used to evaluate student performance. Outstanding students at year three can opt to go straight into year five.Secondary school offers a comprehensive education program. It aims to promote the general development of students by helping them to acquire knowledge, insight and skills from wide range of arts and sciences as well as vocational and technical subjects that provide a practical bias and hands-on approach to learning. Basically, the ultimate goal is to develop a strong foundation for life-long education as students are introduced to the beginnings of specialization. The medium of instruction is the Malay language, English, Tamil and Chinese are also widely taught as second language.Following the Lower Secondary Assessment examination (PMR) at year three, students move into more specialized fields of study at the upper secondary level, based on choice and aptitude of the students, and are reevaluated at year five through the Malaysian Certificate of Education (SPM) assessment examination. Some secondary schools offer the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM) program which qualifies students for entry into the national universities, colleges and teacher training institutions.Co-curricular programs are regarded as integral part of the school curriculum, and there are basically three types of co-curricular activities, namely, uniformed bodies, clubs and sports. Some co-curricular programs and activities are partly financed by government agencies and the private sector, and impleme nted at school, district, state and national levels. Various co-curricular programs are organized to develop character, discipline and leadership qualities of the students.Some of these programs are School Youth Cadet Corp., School Fire Brigade Corp., and other leadership courses. The Youth is highly encouraged to indulge in various Entrepreneurial Programs, writing, speaking and debating competitions as well as cultural activities to create cultural awareness and literary appreciation among the students. Cultural exchange programs are held to promote closer ties and foster better relationship between students of different countries regionally and internationally.Special education provides educational opportunities for pupils with special needs, such as the spastic, handicapped, visually impaired, hearing impaired as well as those with learning disabilities. Currently there are 2883 schools in the country which are equipped with both teaching staff and facilities to help integrate t hese children within the general school system. However, those needing more intensive care and attention attend 31 special schools.The Education Act 1996 provides for special provision of special education in special schools or in regular primary and secondary schools. As a policy, the duration of schooling for children with special needs in a formal system should not be less than that accorded to pupils in regular primary and secondary schools. To ensure effective implementation of special education programs, the Special Teachers Training College conducts courses for teachers of the visually and hearing impaired students.By the way of shedding light on the policies adopted by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia, it would be expedient to evaluate their effectiveness, and give some solutions for future improvements. During the Sixth Plan period, i.e. 1991-95, the overall thrust of education was on expanding capacity and increasing access to all levels of education, strengthening th e delivery system and improving the quality of education. Consequently, it resulted in increases in enrollment at all levels of education.Recognizing the importance of pre-school education efforts were taken by the Ministry to increase facilities and improve quality of pre-school education. Efforts by both the public and private sectors including non-governmental organizations, resulted in an increase in pre-school centers from about 6,960 in 1990 to 10,350 in 1995. Correspondingly, the number of children in the 5-6 age category enrolled increased from 328,800 in 1990 to 420,600 in 1995, representing an increase of 27,9 per cent.10Establishment of pre-school centers in the rural areas was very much emphasized, of the total pre-school centers established by the Government, 80% were in rural areas, which benefited about 204,100 rural children.11In primary education the main focus was on expanding capacity, improving existing facilities, and the quality of teaching and learning materia ls. In order to instill interest in science from an early age, the old existing syllabus were revised and some new ones were introduced. In order to accommodate increases in enrollment, reduce overcrowding, a total of 9,530 additional classrooms were constructed. With hostel facilities provided in rural and remote areas, students were able to gain access to a more conducive learning environment.In order to attract qualified and experienced teachers to serve in the rural and remote areas, an incentives were introduced for those those willing to teach in rural areas. Efforts were also undertaken to provide greater access to education for disabled children and those with learning difficulties. Despite efforts to improve the overall academic performance of primary school students, gaps in students achievements between rural and urban schools still remained.Enrollment at the secondary level in Government and Government aided schools increased by 23.1 per cent from about 1.3 million in 19 90 to about 1.6 million in 199512 as shown in Table 1. With the gradual implementation of the policy in the Sixth Plan, the transition rate from lower to upper secondary level improved from 68 per cent in 1990 to 83 per cent in 1995, while the participation rate at the upper secondary level increased from 50. Per cent in 1990 to 63.7 per cent in 1995.13 Due to increasing enrollment in urban schools and to reduce overcrowding, a total of 5,20 additional classrooms was planned for construction. However, only 75% or 3,960 classrooms were completed. Despite improvement measures bring undertaken, there were still concerns regarding student achievement and the proportion of students who chose science subjects at the upper secondary level.In order to meet the manpower requirements of a rapidly growing economy, tertiary education was directed at increasing enrollment at the degree, diploma and certificate levels, particularly in science, medicine, engineering and other technical related cou rses.. Efforts were undertaken to increase intake into local public institutions of higher learning by expanding physical facilities of existing campuses and establishing new universities. Opportunities for Bumiputera to pursue studies at the tertiary level were expanded at the Institut Teknologi MARA (ITM) where enrollment increased from 27.500 in 1990 to 35.480 in 1995. Enrollment at the degree, diploma and certificate levels increased by 52.7 per cent from 100.590 in 1990 to 153.610 in 1995. In 1995 an estimated 50.600 Malaysian students or 20 per cent of students in tertiary education were enrolled in various institutions overseas.14In order to meet the objective of education and skill training programs, which is to produce an adequate number of skilled and quality workforce to meet the manpower requirements of the country as well as produce citizens who are disciplined and possess high moral values and good work ethics, the following measures were suggested to increase the capa city of existing institutions and establishing new ones, particularly in science, engineering and other technical fields strengthen the delivery system through the provision of qualified and experienced teachers and instructors, as well as greater utilization of up to date technologies and computers so as to improve the overall quality improve the management and implementation of education and training programs through enhancing managerial capability as well as strengthening the monitoring and evaluating system strengthen research and development (R&D) within the existing institutions of higher learning as well s collaborating with local and foreign R&D institutions increase science and technical manpower, particularly in R&D provide appropriate incentives to increase enrollment in the science stream. improve educational facilities in rural areas so as to reduce dropouts from the schools, while at the same time helping the children to perform better inculcate positive values and rig ht attitudes as well as innovativeness, communication and analytical skills among students and trainees encourage reemployment of retired teachers to overcome the problems with shortages in critical subjects encourage more private sector investment in education and training to complement public sector efforts.15As far as the future development of pre-school education is concerned, the Government targets at participation of at least 65 per cent of children in the age of 5-6. A comprehensive policy will be formulated for the development of pre-school education, covering major aspects such as curriculum, physical facilities and teacher training, in addition to further improvements of coordination and quality of pre-school education in the public and private sectors. In this respect the latter will be encouraged to provide more pre-school facilities. Furthermore, greater parental involvement in their childrens education will be encouraged to increase awareness of parents on the importan ce of pre-school education in their childrens development. New syllabus and teaching methods with emphasis to practical experience will be further developed.As far as secondary education is concerned, the enrollment at the secondary level in Government and Government-aided schools is expected to increase by 25 per cent from about 1.6 million in 1995 to 2.0 million in the year 2000. The increase will be more significant at the upper secondary level with the extension of basic education from nine to 11 years. A total of 9,770 new classrooms will be built in order to accommodate the increase in enrollment and reduce overcrowding.16 Teaching method which are simple, practical and interesting will continue to be used in order to increase students interest as well as improve their performance.Appropriate incentives will be provided to science students so as to increase enrollment in the science stream. Taking into account the latest technological development, the use of computers in secon dary schools will be extensively promoted to build a strong foundation for a computer literate society. Extensive monitoring and evaluation of students performance at all levels will be undertaken, in addition to development of new teaching and learning approaches so as to enhance students academic performance.