Modus Operandi Essay

Modus Operandi is a term used in a criminal investigation to describe a way in which a defender goes about committing a crime. Usually it defines a pattern of activities driven by the offenders, thought and behavior processes, before, during, and after the crime. It is also used in criminal profiling, where it can assist with obtaining clues regarding an offender’s psychology. It consists of examining the actions used by the offender to execute the crime, prevent its detection and/or facilitate escape. (Vronsky, 2004)A criminal’s MO pertains to facts gathered from a crime scene, giving investigators insight into how, when and where the crime was committed. For example, a criminal may use a particular weapon or focus on certain type of people, time of day, or a particular neighborhood. All which support his modus operandi. The signature is the way in which a criminal leaves his mark on the crime scene. This can include, posing or branding his victim in a certain way or c arrying out his crime in a manic obsession such as torture of disfigurement, using props and/or securing souvenirs such as clothing, to relive the crime. An offender’s signature alerts profilers to the emotional and psychological aspects of the offender that are the driving forces of an offender’s crime.(Keppel,1997) Signature behaviors suggest clues regarding a criminal’s past, personality, emotions, mental state and intelligence. Criminal psychological profiling is an investigative tool utilized by experts to examine details of a crime, in the attempt to categorize, understand and predict the behavior of certain type of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide. Criminal psychological profiling is also referred to as â€Å"criminal profiling†, â€Å"criminal profiling† and â€Å"behavioral profiling.†Criminal profiling is a behavioral composite of the unknown, put together after analyzing the crime scene and other important information pertaining to the crime. This can include the autopsy report, autopsy and crime scene photos, as well as initial police reports. Also included in crimi nal profiling, is a detailed analysis of the victim. (Douglas, et al, 1992) Additional data, such as geographical areas beyond the immediate crime scene, the method of which the offender traveled to and from the crime scene and the relevant aspects of the residential location of the victim are also examined. In addition, the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim is also analyzed. Criminal profiling is not necessarily useful in every case, yet in some cases, it can assist with narrowing down the search for an offender when used in repeated crimes committed by a specific offender, such as serial rape or murder. Knowledge gained from profiling, can aide in the interrogation process of an offender and can assist with identifying and protecting potential victims before the perpetrator gains the opportunity to offend again. Although there are many opponents against utilizing the criminal profiling techniques, the goal of criminal profiling is to deduce enough behavioral, personality and physical characteristics about an offender so that she or he may be apprehended. (Berg, 2008) Several FBI special agents have written books noting their positive experiences with utilizing their skills of a criminal profiler.FBI profiler, Robert Ressler, assisted with popularizing the field of profiling. His book, Whoever Fights Monsters, has often been credited with creating much of the public’s fascination with psychological profiling. Berg, B. L. (2008). Criminal Investigation. New York: Mc Graw – Hill. Douglas, J. E.., Burgess, A.W., Burgess A.G., & Ressler, R.K.(1992).Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Keppel, R.D., & Birnes, W. J(1997). Signature killers: Interpreting the calling cards of the serial murderer. New York: Pocket Books. Vronsky, R. (2004). Serial Killer. New York: Berkley Publishing Group I felt that way.See when uve had a life filled with trauma,ur normal response is to â€Å"panic†,get excited,go into overdrive,defensive,loud talkn etc.Side note.I realize that alot our ppl in the hood,respond that way all the time.Not understanding their responses, are trauma responses.Normal responses based on what theyve been through.Of course they dont no that, bcuz they are always in survival,†Fight or flight† mode.Two traumatized ppl wont make it bcuz, they trigger each other.Unless, they r content with the â€Å"normalcy of it all.You no,ppl who claw@each other daily?Tear each other down,then make up as if nothin is wrong.That’s trauma to one’s spirit.Ater a while, some is gonna have to pay for that(she/he jst snapped one day).No, it was building.I need a cool calm and collected, who understands that its not personal.That my barr none attitude,is the outcome. Its the normal response baby,from being on my own at 16,DV for many yrs,dispised and unloved by my first teacher.Yea, it has to go somewhere.lol But,I work on me everyday. Truth b told, I wouldnt want to b anybody else.I felt that way.See when uve had a life filled with trauma,ur normal response is to â€Å"panic†,get excited,go into overdrive,defensive,loud talkn etc.Side note.I realize that alot our ppl in the hood,respond that way all the time.Not understanding their responses, are trauma responses.Normal responses based on what theyve been through.Of course they dont no that, bcuz they are always in survival,†Fight or flight† mode.Two traumatized ppl wont make it bcuz, they trigger each other.Unless, they r content with the â€Å"normalcy of it all. You no,ppl who claw@each other daily?Tear each other down,then make up as if nothin is wrong.That’s trauma to one’s spirit.Ater a while, some is gonna have to pay for that(she/he jst snapped one day).No, it was building.I need a cool calm and collected, who understands that its not personal.That my barr none attitude,is the outcome. Its the normal response baby,from being on my own at 16,DV for many yrs,dispised and unloved by my first teacher.Yea, it has to go somewhere.lol But,I work on me everyday.Truth b told, I wouldnt want to b anybody else.

Debate whether downloading of music through the internet is ethical or not Essay

Music is one of the countless arts that represent the world as it is and sometimes much better- what it should be. Aside from this cliche, the world of music is being torn between legal issues of piracy and what others claim to be the inherent natural rights of individuals who would want to listen to music- free access. The internet provides one of the most free access portals for those who would want to have the music of their choice, but the question remains- is it ethical to get something for free when it is legally established to have a tendering value? In more simple terms- is it ethical to steal music online? Joseph, Francis, Angelo, Kairos, Karina and Angelina have been friends for almost a decade now. They met in their high school years, now they have decided to pursue different paths for their college education. Joseph entered college under a program of business administration; Kairos pursued a similar course under the program of economics. Karina and Angelina who both shared undying passion specialized in two major art subjects. Karina studied arts and letters; while Angelina enrolled in a program of music. Angelo, the techno savvy of the group enrolled to be an information technology specialist someday. And lastly, Francis the most authoritative of them all enlisted in the police academy to become a member of the police force someday. All of them are happy in their pursued lives, but there are things that remain the same –their friendship and their enthusiasm to listen to music. It became a habit for them to meet up during weekends to catch up over dinner, share a couple of laughs and go back to their mishaps and fun times when they are still in high school. In one of their dinner at Kairos’ place, they chose to play a concert video of Alicia Keys; but then something happened to Angelina†¦ (against) Angelina: Kairos, this is a nice DVD where did you get it? I did not know that they have already released this one. (pro) Kairos: They already have that one in Danton’s record bar down the street, but it is pretty expensive. I did not bought it, Angelo got it, (joking) it is no secret†¦our friend has pretty cool tricks in front of a computer. (pro) Angelo: Hey man, stop bragging about it. I might end up downloading whole day for these guys. It is pretty boring man, if it’s not free, I won’t bother at all. (pro) Kairos: Hey Angelina, are you ok? Do you feel something wrong? Or are you just too mesmerized with the glories of downloading? (against) Angelina: You’re unbelievable†¦ (pro) Karina: Hey Kairos, I think you hit a wrong†¦very wrong button. (pro) Kairos: huh? (against) Angelina: You are unbelievable! You are to busy computing how much you can save you became a common thief. (pro) Kairos: Are you serious? What did I do? (against) Angelina: You have practically stolen something and yet you act as if nothing happened. You and Angelo you both favor convenience without its obligations. (pro) Kairos: I did not steal anything; do not put that on me. Angelo is the one who downloaded. But still, I cannot see your point why you are overacting. (against) Angelina: Ok, I will indulge you and downloading accomplice in the implications of what you have done, shall I get started? Downloading is stealing because- (Angelo interrupts). (pro) Angelo: It’s free, get a computer and link it to the internet. You will find there it’s free; you cannot steal something which is free. That’s the glory of it, free downloading it is FREE and logically it will be free even from your so- called obligations . (against) Angelina: That is not the point, the point is just like any other form of art Alicia Keys’ concert is the result of her hard work and even painstaking attempts to create something exemplary beautiful. You stole that from her by not buying the original copy of her concert and opting to download a mere duplicate of her work. (pro) Kairos: Last time I checked recording companies, reap off a lot from the original copies, not the artist. The competition between record labels is too superficial for ordinary citizens, just like me and Angelo to purchase the original copy. Original copies are too expensive; it is like a monopoly of record labels, prices do not compete . And with what I learned, the recording industry without competition is no longer viable as a form of market. (against) Joseph: Excuse me, but I think the likes of you and Angelo are the reason for the increase in the prices of original copies. Companies compensate for their losses from free downloads and other forms of piracies . Kairos, above everyone else in this room you should know that, your studying economics right? (pro) Kairos: Yes I am, what you are saying is profit making. I am standing on the notion of free. (against) Francis: Come one man, what you claim to be free as contested by Angelina is not free at all; I think, you are using the word in a wrong way. (against) Angelina: You cannot financially categorize the works of others for your benefit. It is true that the music industry is highly privatized. And it has a very good reason to do so; music is private in the sense that it is the fruit of the musician and singer. The prices are high simply because music is an innovation in its simplicity . The creation of an innovation is one thing, but guarding and protecting it from the likes of you and Angelo is another thing. (pro) Karina: I don’t know for music which is highly commercialized, I think individuals who want to access into a form of art should be allowed to do so as long as it is permitted by the artist. I doubt that a real artist would deny such privilege. (against) Angelina: Karina, you are an artist yourself or at least someone who is aspiring to be. How can you reach your dreams if your early first steps are being trampled by piracy such as that experienced by starting out musicians in free music downloading? (pro) Karina: Pirated works are usually that of already â€Å"made† stars, free downloading has minimal effects to starting musicians since their works are not there in the first place . Websites do not host unpopular music files. As a matter of fact, only 1% of websites have more than 50% of the general traffic in the internet . In short, starting bands are usually and probably exempted. (pro)Angelo: What Karina told is true in both statistics and even in logic. Angelina, some starting bands even welcome the idea of being pirated simply because it is a good venue to be established in the music industry which is dominated by bigger music labels . (against) Angelina: No matter what statistics you would use, it is unethical because it is stealing in the first place and will forever be stealing. (against) Francis: It is true that it is stealing but only through a different way such as the internet . That difference makes some individuals assume that they are doing nothing wrong, but actually they are. (pro)Kairos: Well, we can look at this issue through multi perspectives and that what makes it problematic. We can argue regarding this issue for a long time, but nonetheless we will never arrive at a common ground. (against) Angelina: So guys, since the topic can be debated indefinitely can we just leave the topic alone and continue to live according to our principles and promise to compromise in the presence of another contradicting principle? (against) Angelo: Hey, what friends are for? All agreed to give up on the debate and just enjoy the rest of the night with stories that would allow them to catch up with each other. Their circle of friendship grew stronger after such a healthy debate; all of them without exemption learned to compromise. Impact Statement: The issue of free downloading music through the internet can be debated on different point of views and starting points. Due to this nature, up to date the debate whether music should be a free enterprise at some levels is still questionable. Issues on it being ethical are not solely debatable in the light of being a free enterprise or a private intellectual property; it can also be debated on the perspectives of economics and profiteering. There are countries that allow free downloading of music such as China, so in terms of citizenship in relation to the issues on ethics behind free downloading of music the countries ruling are still the end of it all. No matter how long debates can be, it can only affect public opinion; nonetheless the law will still hold. After watching this group of friends argued on the topic. It can be said that the main question is wrong and prejudicial. â€Å"Is it ethical to STEAL music online? † should be replaced by â€Å"Is it ethical to DOWNLOAD music online? † Bibliography 123HelpMe. com. â€Å"Copyright Laws, Napster and Personal Ethics. † www. 123HelpMe. com. 30 April 2010 . Albert, Pete. Music Piracy: Is downloading music ethical? 2010. 30 April 2010 . Arrington, Michael. â€Å"Stealing Music: Is It Wrong Or Isn’t It? † 31 March 2009. Techcrunch. com. 30 April 2010 . Easley, Robert. â€Å"Ethical Issues in the Music Industry Response to Innovation and Piracy. † Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 62, No. 2 (2005): 163-168. Johnson, Eric J. , et al. â€Å"On the Depth and Dynamics of Online Search Behavior. † Management Science, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2004): 299-308. Storey, Michael. Music Piracy: Is downloading music ethical? 2010. 30 April 2010 .

Is Airbrushing Affecting Our Youth Today? Essay

Since the development of computer programs such as adobe Photoshop, photo-editors for newspapers and magazines have used the deceiving effect known as â€Å"photo shopping† on pictures that we see day to day in our magazines, on our TV’s and computers. Due to this modern capability the youth and population of most of our society, now see’s their personal image, particularly physical image in a different light, evidently a dark one. Airbrushing is the ability to crease out any flaws in a photo of a model, trim any fat off certain parts of her body; to in effect create beautiful flawless images, almost impossible for modern women and men to keep up with or resemble. An example of this airbrushing with â€Å"Former Cosmopolitan editor Leah Hardy recently admitted that she had airbrushed anorexic models to look less unwell, but kept their extreme thinness. The result was pictures of women with no body fat who still seemed to be healthy, strong and feminine.† From â€Å"http://www.channel4.com/4beauty/wellbeing/body-confidence/why-its-time-to-stop-the-airbrushing† More and more of our society, particularly our youth, are increasingly concerned with their bodies and they way they look, between 10 to 15 percent of teenagers have some symptoms of teen depression at any one time. With the false physical portrayal of people around us in the media, people feel increasingly ashamed with their current physical state thus leading to un-happiness, lack of esteem, and even sometimes depression, therefore is it healthy for our youth and society to be fed lies? Well, 15 percent of teens can with depression eventually develop bipolar disorder. A bad consequence of self-image related nonsense. This is quite a concern for our nations teens, where standards of physical state are set extremely high, men are expected to have bulging muscles and six pack abs while women are seen to be almost freakishly skinny. Furthermore, the standardized image that’s being promoted is an un-healthy one. However, these modern standards that many aspire to are completely subjective. Why are these images of the perfect male and female as such, and why should there be so much pressure towards looking like that? Looking at the effected younger population physical fitness is not the only concern, yet again, Teen girls and boys are driven to un-happiness as the media around them portrays spotless skin beautiful ideals and glorified make-up covered women. Surely if certain teens are affected by natural problems at their young age which portray them as being not as good, this will make them less happy or perhaps pressured to rid what makes them so concerned, because it does not resemble the modern ideal image of today. All down to this false messaged advertising. Furthermore magazine women are shown to have expensive make up and haircuts raising the bar for women to appear equally attractive or groomed in these areas. Women come to mind when talking about this subject however in today’s cosmopolitan world men are seeking refuge in makeup and grooming to attract the opposite sex more and more, Meaning more money spent on hair and make-up/grooming products, too much if you ask me. This is essentially money that can be spent in other; more important areas; for example as a student or teenager on healthy food, a slightly ironic matter when it comes to succeeding in that healthy well groomed look. â€Å"John baguely, Online BBC news editor† â€Å"The French cosmetics firm admitted the image of Ms Turlington promoting an â€Å"anti-ageing† foundation – had been altered to â€Å"lighten the skin, clean up make-up, reduce dark shadows and shading around the eyes, smooth the lips and darken the eyebrows†. Airbrushing therefore is not a positive light on our society; it’s quite a bad one. It sends false messages to the young population of today even to those at 40, resulting in eating disorders and many other problems associated with self-image. Many of the affected instead of attacking the their physical appearance problems face on, look to other quicker easier ways to solve them, and I don’t blame them with today’s technology in medical surgery. Surgery, while being an easy option and not always a 100% successful guaranteed result costs heaps of money, available realistically only those with a substantial amounts of money. Not only is surgery a costly shortcut you are effectively left with the results on your beautiful body for the rest of your life as the continuously shifting ideal image of society changes, therefore is it really a good option? Scottish Liberal Democrat MP Jo Swinson says: â€Å"There’s a big picture here which is half of young women between 16 and 21 say they would consider cosmetic surgery and we’ve seen eating disorders more than double in the last 15 years.† Advertising regulations are advised to step in and be stricter on their acceptance of advertisements as the population today gets more concerned about their personal-image, furthermore resulting in un-necessarily un-healthy youths. At the end of the day what can we do to tackle these now common problems? Vanity being the primary pushing force of course. Well, an obvious step forward and probably the only one would be to enforce laws over the use of airbrushing promoting a false image. This would immediately reduce the use of it, displaying more comforting and less depressive images on the front of magazines, newspapers and in Internet and television advertising for those that seem to be so utterly affected by it. Rationale: Inspiration for this online article comes from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14304802, an online broadsheet article from the BBC named, Airbrushed make-up ads banned for ‘misleading. In the first paragraph I introduced the topic and explained why I chose it. I adapted to the role of a quite passionate journalist, who is concerned, more about the negative effects of problems and informs about the unfortunate results. I didn’t add much wit or humor to the article, as I felt it was a serious matter. I began talking about the subject in a sort of summary context, then focused in on separate associated subjects sort of forking off of the main idea. I felt this was an interesting topic for me, as I fit into the category of affected. I also feel that this was a topic close to what we are learning in the class. On gender texts etc†¦ I enjoyed writing about this topic and feel I have illustrated maybe not a technique brilliant article but one that fits bucket for this subject matter. I hope it adequately informs readers bringing even a slight bit of enjoyment with some of my little phrases of humor. †¢In the opening paragraph I introduced the article delving straight into the problem, identifying it and identifying the affected people. †¢In the second paragraph I explained the problem more and slightly summarized why the problem effects us a generation. I added a small quote I felt was relevant to the text, illustrating an example of where and how airbrushing s used on models. †¢Carrying-on to my next paragraph I illustrated the consequences of the problem; those that are serious and not so serious. To back my argument I placed small quotations in from reliable sources. i.e. â€Å"between 10 to 15 percent of teenagers have some symptoms of teen depression at any one time† and â€Å"15 percent of teens can with depression eventually develop bipolar disorder.† †¢Moving on to the next few paragraph s, I discussed what causes men and women to feel they have to live up to certain standards going. Back and expanding on why it affects us. At this point in the article I feel that I have become slightly repetitive, but I feel this enhances my argument re-enforcing and clearly explaining certain aspects of the problem in different terms. †¢Next paragraph or two I begin to explain other consequences of living up to the false standards set by airbrushing in monetary terms, in particular for women and increasingly men. I supported the argument with a sufficient quote admitting to makeup advertisers using false resemblance with their models. †¢In the next 2 paragraphs I again literate a consequence of airbrushing, while discussing the subject of surgery and the feel that society can effectively alter their body’s aimlessly to meet the supposive standard of today. I support this argument again with a quote. †¢To finish the article I switched subject matters to solutions leaving the reader with a positive feel, relinquishing the relentless negative aura surrounding the majority of the task. View as multi-pages

Crisis Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crisis Management Paper - Essay Example An important question faced by governments and democracies is whether this change from crisis management as the politics of exception to crisis management as part of regular politics may require different political arrangements: in the relation between the executive and legislative branches of government, for example, and regarding questions such as whether more stringent policy coordination is required, whether we need better communication and interaction with the public, and whether we need different modes of intergovernmental cooperation. The particular policies defining staff duties in hotels will vary somewhat, as will the moral orientations of the supervisors, and the nature of the clientele and "intruders" encountered, but from the security officer's perspective, keeping order is characterized by two major elements. The first and most apparent responsibility is that of "protecting hotel guests, staff, and property from theft or other abuse." Secondly, the security officer is expected to operate in a "public relations capacity;" to help make the guests' stays pleasant and to maintain a respectable image of the hotel. While much more important than might first seem, this second concern has profound implications for the management of trouble. It places limitations on the ways in which security officers may respond to troublesome persons, suggesting that deviance be handled informally and as unobtrusively as possible. Perceiving hotel security to be disadvantaged relative to the authority of peace officers and more r esponsible for public relations, security people (and their employers) place considerable emphasis on abilities to handle incidents with a minimum of physical force. Keeping a Clear Lobby: the lobby areas of hotels can represent difficult places in which to keep order. Thus, in addition to the possible confusions which may result from guests (and their children) checking in and out of the hotel with baggage and other belongings, security officers frequently have unwelcome entrants such as drunks and vagrants, hookers and hustlers, and other loiterers Dealing with Room Trouble: Trouble in the rooms involves the guests in some respect, but the knowledge that trouble is taking place in these locations is of limited value in predicting its form. Thus, while noise, drug use, theft, and vandalism are among the more common sources of trouble, guests may also call security in matters pertaining to physical violence, accidents, sicknesses, and misplaced items. The staff should be hired to keep a note on things in the rooms as the customer prepares to leave, further there should be clear notice inside the room regarding things not to do. Hijacking The pilot is the prime player in the hijack situation because he controls the aircraft and the crew. The first concern the pilot has, after ensuring the safety of his passengers, crew, and aircraft, is to advise the ground authorities that he has been hijacked.

Family study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family study - Assignment Example Because I think it is more effective to understand the otherness of two groups, knowing how to adapt us in a better way. In addition, we should aspire to multiculturalism because the society could be more splendid and interesting with more diversity and we could know more about different cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I came to America, I met a lot of great friends here. Mike is an ABC (American Born in China) boy, his father is from Chinese and his mother is an American. I heard about some interesting thing in his family. He thought his family is very special with two total opposite cultures. The advantages are he could speak both two languages though he could not write down the Chinese letters. In addition, he learned two different cultures and use two thinking model to look upon things. However, this structure of family also influence him and there are some disadvantages, such as his parents always have a culture clash and have different attitudes when they face the same thing. He told me that sometimes he felt very confused about his parents’ thinking and had no idea which one was better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To my surprise, the research shows there is no difference in developmental outcomes when children rose by same-sex couples. I thought they would have higher gay trends due to the influence of their parents, but it was actually my bias. However, comparing with children who grow up in heterosexual families, children who are from gay couples families are treated differently. They have less rights and unfair treatments in the society today, such as they have no rights to visit parents in hospital or do not have spousal health insurance coverage. The most important thing is, children from gay family might live in the environment with societal stigma, which could cause mental harm to them. Response: I agree with what is researched and mentioned in the article. The reason behind my agreement is

Reflection paper on the capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection paper on the capstone - Essay Example I believe that to catch the attention of an audience, especially a reader, and to make them read into what one has written, it is vital that what is being written is something they can relate to, as well as having written it in a language, concise yet coherent, that they can understand. To achieve the above mentioned, I made use of ordinary day examples of people, both inside the United States of America, and outside it. A clear example of this can be found in the essay where I mention the examples of South Africans; while they may typically be considered to be ‘black’, the fact that their ancestors are Boers, thereby proving the very point which follows. The sources and materials used are those were more appealing, and most relevant to my line of thought and argument. The style of writing and tone adopted in this essay is scholarly and formal, as it is intended to instruct the reader as well as invigorate their thought process. One of my main motives in writing said essay the way I did, was to inform readers of the adverse implications on ordinary human beings of the vices, and to get their thoughts churning to question what they ordinarily overlook about themselves, the society they live in, its practices of discrimination and subsequently racism, which evidently find their roots in the notion of prejudice. This in essence creates a read that is most certainly moving to a reader. It is also along these lines, and for this purpose that the essay has its structural organization. An attempt has been made to mould the writing style of said essay to one that is of academic writing. Throughout the essay, proof of this can be speculated. The essay makes use of clear and effective writing and terminology, and throughout maintains an essence of formality that is necessary to get the message across to the reader. Every point made is not some without some analysis at my part, and an effective attempt has been made to back it up with relevant factual

Responding to Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Responding to Memo - Essay Example The consequence was that the company suffered a land attack which subsequently forced our networks into a "ping of death" (Liu, Yu, and Jing, 2005). This means that the network was forced into the continued and repetitive transmission of packages which exceeded the allowable size. As you may well recall, the DoS attack paralyzed our systems and cost us in excess of $150,000. Attacks which exploit security holes in hardware and software systems are quite common. Apart from the above described incident, the company was subjected to a second attack as a direct outcome of a security hole in its Cisco IOS router. This, the most popular corporate router, had a serious security flaw which the company only identified after the release of the router and even then did not inform users about (Zetter, 2006). Consequently, our company, just like countless others was attacked through this security hole. In the second place, our identity renders us the target of attacks. It is unlikely that any hacker would deliberately target your daughter's computer and infect it with a Trojan Horse but where we are concerned, the issue is quite different. As a profit-making organization, we represent potentially financially lucrative information (Rhodes-Ousley, Bragg, and Strassberg, 2003). We are targeted by professional hackers who seek out security flaws in our system for the explicit purpose of infecting us, either in order to access our data or to bring our networks to a halt (Rhodes-Ousley, Bragg, and Strassberg, 2003). The fact of the matter is that our department has protected our networks as much as is possible. The fact that we send out malware alerts or often engage in the cleaning up of the system is quite simply because we cannot afford any viruses on our networks. Malware could undermine the integrity of our data and, therefore, we often resort to the exercise of extreme precaution. Indeed, it is quite probable that your daughter's computer has some malware on it but that she is not able to identify it. We, on the other hand, identify and remove all malware. Lastly, Windows OS is ore vulnerable to malware than is Macintosh OS. This is because of security holes in the latter which are not present in the former and because hackers target Windows much more than they do Macintosh (Rhodes-Ousley, Bragg, and Strassberg, 2003). Migrating to Macintosh, however, is not an option both because it would be too costly and because it does not have the software range that we need. P2P Memo To: Salamanika Giorgiopolis, Corporate Counsel From: CISO Date: 05/18/2007 Re: Peer to Peer and Piracy Irrespective of the popularity of Peer to Peer Networks and regardless of the fact that everyone is doing it,' company employees are explicitly prohibited from running P2P programs on company computers or from using the company's network connection to download files through these programs. Apart from the aforementioned being explicitly forbidden under company policies and regulations, it comprises an immoral and illegal violation of copyright laws which the company is not going to abide by. Copyright laws are very precise, leaving little room for manoeuvring or interpretation. As Paradise (1999) clarifies, this body of legislature, determines the fortification of

E-Manufacturing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Manufacturing - Literature review Example According to Merriam-Webster dictionary manufacturing is defined as ‘to make into a product suitable for use’. These few lines were presented to enter our esteem topic of ‘e-manufacturing’ and make you ready for the up-coming category of manufacturing described below. Introduction to E-manufacturing In the previous days when the internet was not available at every doorstep, the manufacturing plant floor was isolated from the rest of the industry, organization and enterprise operated on its own without the company and shareholders being aware of its working as they had no eye on it. Today with the introduction of e-manufacturing services, plant line or the bottom line performance is the place where corporate and analysts are more interested. The input or output of a company and its return on net assets are the criteria for the share market to evaluate an organization’s performance and the plant floor influences all directly. Before being entitled as a successful organization not only the company’s growing sales are analyzed but the well-organized working of all plant parts is also necessary. With the introduction of e-working and share computing and with the removal of all non value added activities a company can operate more efficiently and increase its growth by fast and concise working. (HERMAN, E. S., & CHOMSKY, N.1988) The heart of any e-manufacturing lies in the clearness for interaction of information, trade and data between the consumer and the manufacturing suppliers. To devise an e-manufacturing strategy, we need to work through processes defined in e-businesses such as in order reliable maintenance and making rules and regulations for executing plant systems. According to an AMR research e-manufacturing strategy merges e-business and manufacturing plans to construct the roadmap to development of system and accomplishment in the plant. Talking about the definition of e-manufacturing, it ranges from B2B,B2C, indus trial network connected by ether wires, IPs, XML, UDP, Transmission control protocol, cooperative manufacturing, WLANs, proxy servers and embedded web portals and finally to SCM(supply chain management). E-manufacturing is the merger of two lines: the horizontal one being the business line while the other vertical one being the supply-chain management and integration of systems which ensure the transparency of dissected information and business relevant data throughout the precious business chain. E-manufacturing makes use of the internet to guarantee real time processing of transparent information to be available at all times in an organizational setup. In any company the manufacturing plant is the core of all productions. According to the supply-chain models put forth by the experts, the intermediate connection of plant to the enterprise is very important and its transparency and timing have a lot to do with the company. All operations conducted at the plant are now reviewed for w orking out strategies to save time. To meet the increasing consumer demands, many companies are trying to bring maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) category under one umbrella for better performance. Today information plays a vital role for any company; therefore the accuracy of information is vital to take right decisions. A plant is the initial point of a system. If the plant floor is data based and online, it has the power to control manufacturing machinery, productivity, product design and delivery. Today with

MGMT 670 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGMT 670 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The acquisition of Salomon in the year 1998 was done with an aim, so that Adidas could get a market of the diversified type of sporting goods that were manufactured by Salomon. The restructuring of sporting goods of the Adidas Company was further done with the acquisition of the Reebok Company in 2006 by which, the company felt that it would get wider market coverage, since Reebok was specializing in the areas of the athletic footwear, golf equipments as well as the footwear and apparel markets. (Reuters) Adidas felt that by such a kind of restructuring process done by means of acquisition, the company could make a huge impact in its business, since it would be able to get the market shares, which are enjoyed by the companies that were acquired. This would in turn help the company to face the threat of cutthroat competition from Nike and at the same time would increase its sales and help it to regain the top spot in the sporting goods business. This was the main idea behind the acqui sitions and the Adidas management thought this to be the fitting reply to Nike. The corporate strategy of Adidas can be truly rated as a good one, since the European company had to get the market share of US which it had lost to its rival Nike. ... (Reuters) The Acquisition of Salomon and its products Adidas acquired Salomon in the year 1998 since the company was manufacturing a variety of sports goods products. This acquisition was done to make Adidas to overcome Nike and become the number one sports goods manufacturing company. But once the acquisition was underway the industry dealing with the winter sports was showing a decline, since it was becoming less attractive among individuals and this could really affect the prospects of Adidas. After the acquisition it was seen that, there were some difficulties that cropped up in integrating both the companies. It was only after a span of about five years from acquisition that, Adidas started to regain its share value in the sports market. The Salomon business unit also contributed only very less to the total operating profits of Adidas and this was a further blow to the company, since it had expected a very good operating profit. As a result the overall financial performance of A didas did not show any sort of improvement even after the acquisition. The golf division of the Taylor made Adidas products also struggled a lot to make profits initially ever since the acquisition. As a result of this Adidas divested almost all of its winter sports brands to the Amer sports corporation in the year 2005. (Mike) The Acquisition of Reebok and its products In the year 2006 Adidas acquired the Reebok Company with an idea to make its presence felt in the athletic footwear and apparel as well as the golf market. The Reebok international company already was involved in the designing as well as the sales of the apparels, footwear as well as hockey equipments for Greg Norman, Rockport and CCM respectively. Thus through

Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Insurance - Essay Example This insurance mostly targets young drivers because they are inexperienced and reduces their chances of getting into road accidents (Avery, 2011). In most cases, young people, both male and female, usually lack a sense of responsibility especially when they know that they have parents or guardians to take care of them. This is a moral hazard since these young people have a tendency of taking adverse risks because they know that they will not incur the cost of the damages they cause. Young men are known for engaging in risky behaviour such as drunk driving, overspeeding, and ignoring road signs. This puts them on the high premium section because they are high risk insurance buyers (Telematics insurance, 2012). Young women, on the other hand, are known to be more careful because they pay attension to the roads as they drive and are keen on observing road rules. This means that young female drivers are bound to benefit more from telematics insurance than their male counterparts. Conform ing to the provisions of telematic insurance policies gives the young female drivers an opportunity to enjoy low premiums thus lower insurance costs (Wright, 2012). However, being young, both men and women are bound to make the same mistakes that could cause accidents in which the car gets damaged or they damage other people’s property. They do all this because they know that their parents pay the car insurance and, therefore, they behave recklessly. However, there comes a time that they have to be responsible for their actions and this involves paying for their car insurance. This prompts for the selection of an insurance cover that takes care of their needs wholesomely. Telematic insurance promises rewards for its most careful drivers, and this could encourage careless young drivers to be more careful and abandon their moral hazard so as to increase their chances of getting rewards. Telematic insurance is known for its use of technology gadgets which are pricy especially to the young vehicle owners interested in buying insurance cover. Most of the information given to the buyer is about the use of up to date technology to recover lost vehicles and to help drivers avoid accidents. However, the user is not aware that these gadgets are expensive and contribute to the charges of the insurance cover. This is a case of adverse selection because one party is withholding information from the other. The fact that this cover contains rewards in its package only serves to attract clients and to prompt them to be careful while driving (Wright, 2013). When young people realize that their risky behaviour result in loses, they might opt to get an insurance cover thus research for an insurance cover. A standard insurance policy requires all those buying insurance to pay for a certain standard amount. This means that females, who are less likely to damage their vehicles have to pay more. In any case they might not even use the cover after all because chances of them g etting into an accident are very low. Male drivers, on the other hand, tend to get into accidents and the amount females pay may just subsidize that used by the younger males. In addition, insurers do not reduce the price of insurance cost for young female drivers just because they tend to use it less often. In fact, insurance costs keep going higher

Accolade vs Sega Essay Example for Free

Accolade vs Sega Essay Accolade would definitely be wrong in every aspect of this story. Accolade’s lawyer’s argument that Sega’s security codes were an interface standard is also wrong in a lockean based economy. This is because interface standards are publicly owned by everybody and can be duplicated without permission. Nothing is publicly owned in a Locke based perspective. The utilitarian view would also favor Sega’s software code as being private property, but for different reasons. This view suggests if Sega didn’t have property rights to its genesis and affiliated profitability, then Sega would lose incentive to create new ideas beneficial to the marketplace. This theory of utility also suggests Accolade and Sega should both have taken a different approach to how they did business, or lack of business, with each other. Sega should have granted accessibility to its gaming console for a small fee. This would have made Sega and Accolade more profitable to society because Accolade’s games would benefit Sega’s industry. The Marxist theory would take Accolade’s side to this story. This theory would suggest the software that Accolade decoded belongs to the general public for their benefit to make a profit. Sega owns only the game console and not the software that is used to run it. Accolade’s lawyer’s argument that the software is an interface standard would stand lawful. I personally agree with the utility theory most because if there wasn’t any incentive for new ideas and technology, then there wouldn’t be any. People and companies put a lot of effort and resources into new ideas. A person would not put any time and effort into a good idea, especially if they cannot make any money from it. He or she could not make any money off of their idea because people would just steal their idea and profit from it themselves. If there were no copyrights or patents protecting ideas, we could all be living in an unindustrialized world. I believe Locke’s theory of private property is most appropriate for this case besides the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals final decision that agreed with Accolade. Sega was using the lockean approach to private property with its security software. Accolade duplicated their software code without permission and infringed on Sega’s copyright. The story, in the end, basically agreed to Sega’s argument. 2. I believe Accolade Stole Sega’s property because American law has held to the theory that individuals have a right to do what they want with their property, and government has no right to interfere with an individual’s private property even for the good of society. Accolade would’ve benefited from using Sega’s product, but the law states it is Sega’s property, and they can do what they please with certain legal constraints. Sega did not grant Accolade a license to market games on their property. If Sega did grant them a license, then it would not be stealing. If I did not grant a person permission to use my car for their benefit and they drove off with it, I would call the police because someone stole my car. 3. I believe Accolade went too far in trying to reverse engineer Sega’s source code because Accolade already knew Sega didn’t want them marketing games on their new gaming console. If Sega wanted Accolade games on their console platform, wouldn’t Sega license them to do so? Sega specifically made that security code so game companies like Accolade would not benefit from Sega’s property. Sega wanted to be the sole maker of games for their console and they had the right to do that with their copyrighted property. With that said, I believe Accolade reverse engineered the software knowing it was morally wrong. I do not believe a company has the right to reverse engineer any product it wants. Taking an all ready thought of idea and creating a new product is different than copying another product verbatim. Reverse engineering affects the theory of utility. The incentive to come up with new ideas would be lost because there would be no reward for it. Let’s say Microsoft had the ability to create a new operating system and knew it could be reverse engineered the day they released it to the public. Would Microsoft put forth the effort, time, and resources to make this new product? I know I wouldn’t because Microsoft’s competitors could produce the same product with less overhead. This would be giving Microsoft’s competitors an advantage because they could sell the same product for less money. This would potentially put Microsoft out of business. Economies inevitably couldn’t evolve to serve societies better. Works Cited Velasquez, Manuel G. Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2012. Print.

Italy and Spain Essay Example for Free

Italy and Spain Essay El Greco was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect, active in Italy and Spain. One of the most original and interesting painters of 16th-century Europe, he was renowned in his lifetime for his originality and extravagance. Being brought up as an artist of Byzantine tradition El Greco, on arriving to Italy and later to Spain, fused the Byzantine influences with styles of Western world, like mannerism and Venetian Renaissance. Slide 1 Title Page Born Domenikos Theotokopoulos in Candia, Crete, El Greco may be regarded as one of Spain’s foremost painters. He reached artistic maturity in Toledo, and his career and style are bound to the patronage and spiritual environment he found in the Spanish city. He usually signed his paintings in Greek Letters with his full name, Domenicos Theotokopoulos, underscoring his Greek descent. Slide 2 †¢ El Greco appears to have belonged to a Catholic Greek family of officials who worked for the Venetian colonial service; El Greco was formed in the tradition of Byzantine art current in Crete, where he was a master painter in 1566. His presence in Crete is documented until December 1566. †¢ By 1568 he is recorded in Venice, where he underwent a second artistic education that transformed him into a painter of the Venetian School. The pictures of this period, small tempera paintings, show his progressive assimilation of contemporary Venetian painting. He remained in Venice until late 1570, perhaps studying and working in Titian’s studio or perhaps only visiting it. †¢ In 1570 El Greco went to Rome, and the few paintings done there incorporate artistic models from central Italian 16th-century painting. By the end of the 1572 he had opened a workshop. Information on this period is limited, but there is evidence of enmity between El Greco and Giorgio Vasari, and of his criticizing Michelangelo’s Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, which probably caused his later departure for Spain. On the other hand, his stay in Rome aroused his interest in humanist and philosophical questions. It was in this context that El Greco formed his artistic creed as a colorist in the Venetian tradition. El Greco considered the color and light of the Venetians as the only possible means of imitating nature, thereby reinforcing the beauty of reality through art. Dissatisfied with his career in Rome, El Greco went to Spain in 1576. †¢ He is first documented in Toledo in 1577, at work on the Disrobing of Christ. The project that had taken him to Toledo was a commission for three altarpieces for Santo Domingo el Antiguo (1577–9). Having completed one commission for Philip II, the Glory of Philip II he was to embark on a second, the Martyrdom of St Maurice (1580–83), the work did not please Philip, however, and it was removed (though it remained in the King’s collection). At this point, in his forties, the artist decided to settle in Toledo and dedicate himself to a largely local clientele. In the 1580s he tended to give his paintings more clearly sculptural characteristics, closer to Spanish taste, using the portrayal of the mundane to create greater immediacy, and exaggerating features in the representation of divine and supernatural elements. †¢ While El Greco’s basic activity was as painting, he also designed sculptures and architectural decorations. Of greater importance, though not directly influential, was El Greco’s work as a designer of retables in an Italianate style. He introduced a type of retable in contrast to Spanish examples, based on models combining Palladian ideas with motifs derived from Michelangelo, in which the painted canvas is the focus of the composition, and the framework is only a complementary subordinate. Slide 3 The first work with which El Greco is documented in Toledo is Disrobing of Christ, a large canvas for the sacristy of Toledo cathedral. Its rich color and daring brushwork are Venetian in origin, but the composition’s density, spatial compression, and vertical axis reflect the concerns of central Italian Mannerist art. Slide 4 Toledo period was the most fruitful for El Greco. There he developed his specific style and made his greatest contribution to Spanish art. Some of the most distinctive features of his style—lack of space between figures, purplish red and acid olive-green draperies that obscure the underlying bodies—can already be seen in the central pictures for the high altar, the Assumption of the Virgin (Chicago, Art Institute). Slide 5 and 6 El Greco’s most famous work is the Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586–8) in the church of Santo Tome in Toledo, painted in memory of a 14th-century benefactor of Santo Tome. It depicts the lowering of the Count’s body into his tomb by Santo Augustine and Santo Stephen, and his soul’s ascension to the Heavenly Glory. The Glory makes clear that El Greco had already developed an anti-naturalistic style for figures and space. (Slide5) In the earthly zone, which includes a gallery of portraits of Toledan gentlemen, on the other hand, the figures are only mildly attenuated and their garments are painted with the best Venetian illusionistic technique. Slide 7 The View of Toledo (c. 1597-1599; New York, Metropolitan Museum), El Greco’s only landscape, is formally consistent with his religious pictures. Its transcendental aura is a result of his compositional methods, which create a formidable tension between the patterns on the picture plane and the volumes implicit in the view, and of his characteristic cataclysmic skies and eerie light. The View is not a realistic panorama, but displays instead the city’s most notable monuments in a single image that highlights its past and present grandeur. Slide 8 El Greco also excelled as a portraitist, able not only to record a sitter’s features but also to convey their character. His portraits are fewer in number than his religious paintings, but are of equally high quality. Perhaps the earliest, in which format, composition, and iconography reflect Venetian models, is Giulio Clovio painted in Rome c. 1570–2. His most important one, for its size and superb artistry, is the Portrait of a Cardinal (c. 1600; New York, Metropolitan Museum). Unlike all El Greco’s portraits, austere and on a neutral ground, the Titianesque, colorist and naturalistic Portrait of a Cardinal shows his ability to render psychological and physical traits. These are conveyed through the impression of vitality and dynamism in repose of the sitter. The portrait’s format, a full-length, life-size seated figure, is rare at this date. Slide 9 El Greco’s last works testify development towards a freer, sketchy style. The painting Adoration of the Shepherds (1612–14; Madrid, Prado) is a smaller version of a work which the artist made to hang over his own tomb in the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo. This work has been interpreted as late and extreme witness to El Greco’s mystic and spontaneous expressionism; but it may alternatively be the result of his deliberate manipulation of form, using color and movement to convey the effects of light, mass and space. Extreme distortion of body characterizes the Adoration of the Shepherds like all the last paintings of El Greco. The brilliant, dissonant colors and the strange shapes and poses create a sense of wonder and ecstasy, as the shepherd and angels celebrate the miracle of the newly born child. The infant Christ seems to emit a light which plays off the faces of the barefoot shepherds who have gathered to pay homage to his miraculous birth. A rhythmic energy animates the painting, expressed in the dance-like motions of the figures. Slide 10. Key features of style and his contribution †¢ El Greco transformed the Byzantine style of his early paintings into another, wholly Western manner, which was developed during his Toledo period and brought him to the climax of glory. Stylistically, El Greco’s art is an expression of the Venetian school, and of the anti-naturalistic subjectivism of the international Mannerism of the second half of the 16th century. His deliberately distorted elongated figures, seated n a lurid, unearthly atmosphere are seen as a pre-figuration of modern Expressionism and as an instrument by which he could express his visionary, mystical and religious personality. †¢ His gift of colorist is revealed in the way he uses agitated and flickering light; while striking contrasts between light and dark passages heighten the sense of drama. He prefers Venetian coloring, and reveals taste for complexity which is realized by highly original compositions of elegance and dynamism, executed in a vital style. His consummate use of palette of brilliant color was imitated and refined by Diego Velazquez. In contrast to the portraiture of the court painters of the time of Philip II, El Greco brought a new spirit to a genre not often practiced in Spain and provided Spanish painting with an example of spontaneity, from which Velazquez was to learn. †¢ Because of his late assimilation of a Western style, he tackled certain formal problems and, free from prejudice, rejected norms of proportion and geometrical perspective that he considered superfluous to his purposes, particularly in his search for personal originality. His almost geometrical renderings of bodies and nature give his work â€Å"flatness† that is considered a goal of â€Å"pure† art or abstraction. El Greco’s colors and â€Å"cubistic† feel inspired Spanish modernists starting with Goya and following with Picasso, Dali and Gris.

Job Design And Key Factors In Job Analysis Management Essay

Job Design And Key Factors In Job Analysis Management Essay There are some techniques which are used for job design like job enlargement, job enrichment, job rotation, and job simplification. Productivity level of an organization can be raised by offering non-monetary rewards like to enlarge the job of an employee by appraise him in the meeting and prepare him to face new challenges, this can be done through job design. Job design is basically the arrangement of work in order to reduce or overcome job dissatisfaction and employee isolation occurring in the result of repetition of the task. Job Analysis The process of analysis that involves diversified techniques in order to examine the important duties, task and responsibilities is called as Job Analysis. As the job analysis is a very difficult task to identify the required skills and competencies but the process helps to determine the demand of the job with other requirements to meet the local area and Universitys need. It also helps to make possible the appropriate recruitment and selection process, sets standards for performance appraisals and allows appropriate classification/reclassification of positions. Key Factors in Job Analysis Task identity: If the employees have the clear vision about the beginning and ending of the task then it will give more satisfaction to them by the completion of whole piece of work. It is also very obvious that employees want to know the result of the work whatever they have done or produced. Variety: Employees always want to do variety of work as they get easily fade up by the repetition of work. They may lose their interest and get dissatisfied with their task, so variety of task can improve their interest level, challenge and commitment to the task. Variety means more than simply adding an extra but similar task. For example, processing different forms would not make the work more meaningful as there would be no extra challenge. But employees can get frustrated with the plenty of variety so it must depend on the level of the position. Responsibility: Employees must know that their success and failure depends upon their performance. This is very important to make them feel about their responsibilities towards their task. The employee should understand the significance of the work and where it fits into the purpose of the organisation. Autonomy: Autonomy means giving more scope to employees to regulate and control their own work. They should know they also have some responsibilities of decision making within the framework of their job. Working environment: There must not be any type of discrimination and harassment in the job. It is also very necessary that job should provide a safe and healthy working environment and consider the types of work aids and equipment required to perform the role. Recognition and support: The moral of employees goes high when they got acceptance and recognition from their fellow workers and supervisors because it gives satisfaction to their self-respect. So encouragement to team work and individual relationships give them positive feelings about their task and the environment and the worker would never feel isolated within the environment. Outcomes performance measures: Employees must know about their identified targets and their outcomes according to their position and also they have the knowledge about how to relate all the operations of the organization. Performance measures can be identified through the standard of performance. An equitable capacity for ongoing learning and advancement can be provided by the feed back. Different Roles in an Organization Managers are building blocks of the organization. A manager performs five basic functions Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. At different levels of management, a manger performs different managerial functions at a time and has the key function to achieve the effective utilization of resources. Manager is the person who delivers the vision of an organization to the employees of that organization. It is also included in the responsibilities of a manger that he takes part in the decision making process of an organization. Mostly managers have to perform functions at three different levels of management and they have different role according to their positions that are given below: Top Level Management: This is the administrative level management. Managers do executive coaching, change management, leadership, delegations and empowerment. Middle Level Management: It is the executor management in which managers have the responsibility of problem solving, team building, talent development and performance management. Low Level Management: It is also known as supervisor management and the managers are also known as first-line managers and their functions are emotional intelligence and coaching for performance. Strategic Objectives of Indus Motor Company Ltd The strategic objectives of IMC are as given under: Achieving market leadership by delivering value to customers Bringing Toyota quality to Pakistan Optimizing cost by Kaizen (need of continues improvement) Respecting our people Becoming a good corporate citizen Job Design and Job Analysis supports Strategic Objectives of IMC Employees of IMC have the clear vision about Customer First philosophy in their manufacturing and providing high quality vehicles in order to fulfill the needs of their customers. They also have had their customer insight and feedback that leads to the continuous corporate renewal by means of product development, service improvement and care for customers. IMC is also trying to improve its quality, reliability and durability through the utilization of newly entered technologies in the market in order to meet the Toyota Global Standards. Every employee is responsible for the implementation of Toyota Production System and does the operations in lowest cost quartile of the industry. Employees are considered as the most key element as sustainable competitive recourse and they are provided by the continuous learning environment in order to enhance their individual creativity and team work. Company provide them diversified task and equal employment opportunities and also build competitive value through mutual trust and mutual responsibility between the Indus Team and the Company. Every employee of IMC is restricted to follow the ethical business practices and the laws of the land, and also engaging in generous and social activities that contribute to the enrichment of Pakistani society, especially in areas that are strategic to both societal and business needs e.g. Road Safety, Technical Education, Environment Protection, etc. Importance of Competency Modeling in the Current Environment Enhanced manufacture expertise by tracking latest inclusive technological trends and publicize it to engineering industry after doing the Gap Analysis of Industries and carrying out investigation to discover weaknesses of native industry and their technological needs and adopt best practices, environmental and quality standards. Sector wise revelation to relevant trade fairs is being studied. There is a need to give International Exposure to local engineering industry through participation in local and international exhibitions. Approaches to Human Resources Management to aid the Development of Business Strategy The Human Resources Management (HRM) function involves different activities, and key among them is resolve what employment needs you have and whether to use autonomous service provider or hire employees to fulfill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices be conventional to a variety of system. Activities also include administration move towards employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. Generally small businesses have to carry out these activities. Though, they should always ensure that employees have and are aware of personnel policies that match to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees have. Assess the Effectiveness of Human Resource Strategy The Indus Motor Company puts together a vigorous attempt to promote a sagacity of belonging and a family feeling amongst its employees. It refers to all of them as team members irrespective of their work. IMC constantly motivates its employees through various techniques such as the reward system in Kaizen, leisure activities such as fun fair, meals and conventions. IMC tries to improve a team spirit and has done away with obstacle such as eminence dissimilarity. A practicable exhibit is the fact all the people in offices are made to sit in the same hall irrespective of their description. IMC strictly implements the Japanese practice of Participative Management. Every worker is allowed to make decisions related to his work and to make suggestions so as to improve it. Planning Process The strategic planning process involves the following steps, which are given below: Clearly define the target / goal in writing. It should be set by a person having authority. The goal should be realistic. It should be specific. Acceptability Easily measurable Identify all the main issues which need to be addressed. Review past performance. Decide budgetary requirement. Focus on matters of strategic importance. What are requirements and how will they be met? What will be the likely length of the plan and its structure? Identify shortcomings in the concept and gaps. Strategies for implementation. Review periodically. Manpower Planning Framework Manpower planning is the first step towards manpower management. It refers to the procedure of employ existing assets for the completion of the business plans. It also involves the procedure of synchronizing and scheming a variety of actions in the organization. An effective manpower planning requires a cautious evaluation of the future requirements of the organization. It engages the growth of approaches to match the obligation of workers and accessibility of positions at a regional as well as a national level. Those in charge of manpower planning need to have forethought about the business plans. They need to plan the activities for achieving business growth. They are required to estimate the business needs of the organization and plan for the resources needed to realize the business goals. We can refer to manpower planning as the process of reconsidering existing resources, envisaging prospect requirements and ensuring that the demand and supply of people and skills is balanced. M anpower planning is useful for both the employees as well as the organization. Principles Related to the Demand and Supply of Labour Affiliation between the amount of a product that manufacturers have accessible for auction and the amount that customers are eager and capable to purchase. Demand depends on the price of the article of trade, the value of allied merchandise, and customers profits and flavors. Supply depends not only on the price available for the commodity but also on the prices of comparable products, the practices of assembling, and the accessibility and costs of contribution. The gathering of the market is to balance demand and supply through the price device. If buyers want to acquire more of a commodity than is obtainable on the market, they will tend to bid the price up. If more of a commodity is available than buyers care to purchase, suppliers will offer prices down. Thus, there is a propensity toward a stability price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The measure of the receptiveness of supply and demand to changes in price is their flexibility. Role of Legal and Organizational Requirements in Creating a HR Plan HRP is an energetic and continuing procedure. The process of modernizing is not very easy, since HRP is prejudiced by numerous aspects, which are as follows: Type of organization establishes the manufacture practice and amount and type of human reserve needs of an organization depend on the staff needed. Strategic plan adopted by it. For e.g. the enlargement of a business calls for engaging organization of additional labour, while mergers will need a plan for layoffs. Operates under different political, social environment and has to carefully express the HR policies and so the HR manager has to evolve suitable mechanism to deal with reservations through career developments, succession planning, HRP also depends on the time periods and consequently retirement schemes etc. The short and long-term plans are adopted. And this time span is based on the category and feature of information extent of environmental qualms used in making forecasting is an important factor manipulating HRP. Precise and appropriate human resource information system helps in receiving improved quality HRP is required to make sure that appropriate candidates should be personnel. Prearranged for the right kind of job. It is very difficult to determine future manpower requirements of an organization, as future is always indeterminate. It is a time countries that face the problem of insufficiency of human resources. It is advantageous in the organizations that overwhelming and costlier procedure. Accept a specialized method and at the same time are deliberate about the HRP is valuable where sufficient skillful manpower is altering environment. HRP is also made difficult in the organizations that have a very obtainable high labor precedes. Employee Personal and Managerial Effectiveness through a Process of Personal Reflection A positive, supportive, encouraging, and rewarding culture must be created, which motivates staff, facilitates the acquisition of knowledge and encourages innovation and creativity. Organizational arrangements and service procedures should be urbanized that assist, rather than hold back or dissuade, individual and team achievements. Cut through red tape, reduce bureaucracy and assist decision-making as close to the exploit as possible. Intimates must also be considered and cope as assets. This means preventing the dual criterion of valuable the staff that they are the enterprises supreme assets while telling the intermediate and speculation community that people are the greatest cost (which infers the greatest liability) to the organization. While the accounting statistics may show that staff-related costs do in fact represent the major item of expenses, predominantly in labor-intensive industries, the semantics and communication processes require considerable care. Organization Culture in Recruitment Process Using culture for recruitment requires identifying aspects of companys culture that make it different from other companies. In essence to identify the unique beliefs, behaviors and practices of company. A culture audit should provide the primary cultural attributes that set company apart. These themes will probably not be completely positive. However, culture tends to evolve based on a past or current need, and it is usually possible to find ways to word each attribute in a way that highlights its advantages. Methods and Tools of Recruitment A manager can recruit in two different ways: Internal recruitment is when the business looks to fill the vacancy from within its existing workforce. External recruitment is when the business looks to fill the vacancy from any suitable applicant outside the business. The stipulation of selection tools in recruitment has happen to an industry all on its own. From psychometrics, verbal and numerical reasoning, assessment centers and competency based interviews. With so many surrogates it can be difficult for recruitment agencies to fathom what to use where. Here are some deliberations when preferring which tools to use and where. Creation of the Learning Organization through self-managed Learning, the Promotion of  Intellectual Capital and Knowledge Management Managers need to give up power in order for erudition potentials to be improved. This will direct to superior business consequences by abolishing wasteful routines, and bring about the expansion of new business practices that lead to better results. And rational sculpts need to be observed. The restrictions that obstruct organizational learning inventiveness have a great deal to do with the mental models entrenched in the culture of an organization. For important change to lead to sustainability, hierarchical control must be put aside. The appearance and expansion of unperturbed system must be supported so that people can share their implied information and help one another. Communities of practice can be geared so that people continually learn to help each other. The dispersal of pioneering practices needs informal networks through which new ideas can extend in and transversely organizations. Such informal networks are almost always superior to hierarchical channels for spreading new innovations because these informal networks already exist; research with new ideas needs help and time to think in a safe circumstance; and because there is a strong element of trustworthiness with people whom we know. Without active internal societies of practice, an organization cannot anticipate thoughtful and continued change. Approaches to Employee Relations with a Focus on the Benefits of Partnership Involvement and Engagement The idea of some kind of employee influence in organizational decision-making is one that seems to attract much support amongst all the parties who are involved in the employment relationship; that is, employers, employees, trade unions and the state. Initially then the thread will consider this debate about how best to conceptualize the contemporary employment landscape. Conflict can be considered at a number of levels, one of which is the potential conflict of interests between trade unions and employers. However, the tourism and hospitality industry is often suggested as being one where trade unions have little or no influence. The veracity or otherwise of this view will be discussed, including why tourism and hospitality employees may or may not join trade unions. Having considered one mechanism for articulating an employee voice, that of trade unions, the thread moves on to consider a range of other mechanisms which seek to involve employees in the decision making process in organizations through the processes of employee involvement and participation. Purposes and Benefits of Performance and Reward Management Performance appraisal may be defined as a prearranged official communication between a assistant and administrator, that typically takes the form of a episodic interview in which the job presentation of the subordinate is looked at and talked about, with a sight to recognized weaknesses and strengths as well as opportunities for development and ability growth. In many associations but not all assessment consequences are used, either directly or indirectly, to help decided reward conclusion. That is, the appraisal results are used to identify the better performing employees who should get the majority of available merit pay increases, bonuses, and promotions. By the same token, appraisal results are used to recognize the shoddier performers who may require some form of therapy, or in tremendous cases, relegation, discharge or decreases in pay. Whether this is a suitable use of performance appraisal the task and validation of plunder and punishment is a very uncertain and contentious matter. Management and Reward Processes to Improve Organizational Performance. Performance Management (PM) is much additional than appraisal. In the broadest sense, its about translating goals to results. Performance Management concentrates not only on individual employees, but also on teams, programs, processes and the organization as a whole. Performance Management programs should have a long-term perception, accentuating worker maturity and procedure development. As such, optimal Performance Management programs are incorporated with an agencys leadership development, progression development, and guidance agenda. Legal Issues Involved in Grievance, Discipline and Dismissal Processes and Procedures A grievance is distinct in the policy as a criticism by a worker about an exploit, which his manager has engaged or is considering captivating in relation to him. The grievance process related to productive removal from office circumstances. Employers should ensure their disciplinary and grievance procedures are fully up to date and incorporate the minimum statutory procedures. Also, employers should be aware of and implement current best practice when dealing with grievance and disciplinary issues. The DTIs guidance on the new regulations and particularly, the updated Aces Code of Practice provide vital advice and practical guidance. Organizations Grievance and Disciplinary Procedures The HR department and managers at all levels need to be familiar with the regulations. All procedures and management guidelines affected such as guidance on record-keeping, the wording and structure of procedures, timescales, adjustments to standard letters, new arrangements for certain types of grievance where they do not already exist, and training need to take the guidance in the code into account. Training is important for both employers and trade unions. The code stresses the need for unions to ensure their officials are both experienced in performing this role, and are provided with periodic refresher training, and the same applies to managers. The code also emphasises the need for managers to know and be able to apply the rules and procedures, and suggests that organisations may benefit from joint management/trade union training. The code also emphasises the need for managers to know and be able to apply the rules and procedures, and suggests that organisations may benefit from joint management/trade union training. Deal with Problems Situations in a Timely and Effective Manner Many organizations have struggled with the concepts of Root Cause Analysis (RCA) and taking effective corrective action, but doing a good job of RCA will lead to effective and lasting corrective actions. The need for corrective action can arise from many different sources including internal audits, external audits, customer complaints, employee complaints, injury reports and the requirements of regulatory bodies. The aforementioned audits may include quality management system (QMS), environmental management system (EMS), occupational health and safety (OHS), or any number of other requirements-based systems. The point is that all of these inputs to the corrective action process should be dealt with in a timely and effective manner. Where ISO/TS 16949 is concerned, the IATF expects that internal nonconformances, customer complaints and nonconformances issued by CBs are areas of critical importance, and need to have an effective root cause analysis done, followed by effective corrective actions taken to resolve the nonconformances. Stages of the Discipline Issues that  Result in  Dismissal The statutory disciplinary, dismissal and grievance procedures amounted to a minimum standard that all employers and employees were obliged to follow until 6 April 2009.   The main features of the procedures were: Three step statutory disciplinary, dismissal and grievance procedures   Failure to follow the statutory procedures by the employer prior to dismissal rendered that dismissal automatically unfair. Employers could have faced a potential increase in compensation of between 10-50% if the procedures were not followed. An employee may have been prevented from presenting some types of claim in the employment tribunal if they had not followed the grievance procedure first. These procedures applied in a wide range of circumstances which were not limited to issues relating to the capability or conduct of the employee but, for example, to dismissals which occured on the expiry of a fixed-term contract and in smaller scale redundancies. How to Identify and Involve External Agencies that could be involved in Grievance, Discipline and Dismissal Processes Disciplinary and grievance procedures provide a clear and transparent framework to deal with difficulties which may arise as part of their working relationship from either the employers or employees perspective. They are necessary to ensure that everybody is treated in the same way in similar circumstances, to ensure issues are dealt with fairly and reasonably, that employers are compliant with current legislation and follow the Acas Code of Practice for handling disciplinary and grievance issues. Disciplinary procedures are needed: So employees know what is expected of them in terms of standards of performance or conduct (and the likely consequences of continued failure to meet these standards). To identify obstacles to individuals achieving the required standards (for example training needs, lack of clarity of job requirements, additional support needed) and take appropriate action. As an opportunity to agree suitable goals and timescales for improvement in an individuals performance or conduct. To try to resolve matters without recourse to an employment tribunal. As a point of reference for an employment tribunal should someone make a complaint about the way they have been dismissed. Grievance procedures are needed: To provide individuals with a course of action should they have a complaint (which they are unable to resolve through regular communication with their line manager). To provide points of contact and timescales to resolve issues of concern. To try to resolve matters without recourse to an employment tribunal. Determine and Pursue all aspects of Best Practice The request messages contain data that will be used by the service to perform the business logic of the operation. These messages can also contain data that are more pertinent to system-level processing associated with the transaction, rather than business logic performed by the transaction. Examples of these data include: Identification of the service requestor application Service implementation version Dispatch and receipt timestamps Similarly, the response message issued by the service operation can contain system-level data, such as: Identification of the responding application (service provider) Receipt and dispatch timestamps Computed response time These system-level data have to be processed either by the service provider application, in addition to the business-level data, or by the enterprise service bus (ESB) infrastructure. In the context of building SOA solutions,

Eulogy for Mother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Mother There is an old Yiddish proverb, when the heart is full, the eyes overflow. And so it is the case when we try to sum up and honor my mother’s life. My mother was a difficult, unusual and complex woman. She loved her daughters, Barbara, Wendy and myself, her sons-in law, Marty, John and David, her grandchildren Kenny, Cory and her stepgrandchildren, Mandy and Taryn, But if she loved her children, she absolutely adored her husband, my father. My Father was the truly abiding center and great passion of my mother’s life, as she was his, and knowing that they were coming up on their sixtieth anniversary only just barely gives you a glimpse at the strength of their love. My mother was not big on verbal or physical expressions of her love, but rather she showed us with her actions. And she often used food as a way of showing her love. She was a very good cook at many foods but she was an extraordinary cook when it came to particular dishes. Like her spaghetti sauce. Most of you here might have met my mother after she retired from spaghetti sauce making, but she used to cook sauce for three days in a 20 quart army pot. Then she would freeze it into quart containers for her children and her own use. Whenever we came to visit her, we would go home on the plane with a shopping bag filled with frozen containers. We felt sorry for those who were not so fortunate as to have the spaghetti sauce queen for a mother. Her Jello pie was famous in our household- whenever we came down we could always count on one there. God have mercy on us when all three of us were there with only one jello pie. And my Aunt Harriet, my mother’s sister, who loved my mother very much, was never jealous in spite of the fact that my mother could so deftly make this pie, while my Aunt’s could never stay put. My Aunt understood my mother’s talents. Years ago, when I was 16 I got mono. It was a whole thing. My sister came over, I was taken by ambulance to the hospital and when they brought me home, I didn’t seem to have an appetite. During the nights of fever she would come in to my bedroom, change the sweat soaked sheets, and put me back to bed.

The Second Coming by W.B.Yeats Essay example -- Papers William Butler

The Second Coming by W.B.Yeats The poem "The Second Coming" written by William Butler Yeats is full of imagery, the uses of exquisite diction, language styles such as personification and hyperbole, as well as a lot of symbolism. The first stanza of this poem described the catastrophes of this world. The word gyre in the first line symbolized history, or the life cycles of men. As a gyre turns bigger and bigger while keeping its original shape, which is round, it means that even though everything, like technology keeps on improving, human nature and the lives that we live never does. History keeps on repeating itself, and human never learn from their mistakes. This gyre also represents a whirlwind, or a storm that shakes the whole world. The falcon and falconer, as referring to a medieval sport, represent a leader and a follower. As the falcon cannot hear the falconer, it means that the followers cannot, or rather, do not want to follow and obey the leader anymore. Imagery is again painted in the fifth line, with the blood-...

The American Civil War was Unavoidable Essay -- American history, econ

If one thing is clear from studying early American history, it is that the Civil War was an unavoidable tragedy. Often, hindsight allows us to recognize those points at which history could have taken a different direction, if only some person or thing were different in some way. This is not the case with the American Civil War. Four factors support the notion of inevitability. This paper will explore the way that economics, previous compromises, changing social mores and values, and the nature of politics laid a foundation for the continued regional conflict which eventually resulted in the Civil War. The economic aspects often come in second to morality when discussing slavery in the South’s plantation economy, but they are worth considering as they are fundamental to why slavery as an institution became so hard to dismantle. Slavery kept plantations partially immune from market fluctuations. Having no labor costs allowed the Southern, less diversified economy to be competitive with the North and European countries. For this reason, slavery became a crucial factor in keeping many industries viable and profitable, including primary and secondary manufacturing, transportation, shipping, and public sector jobs such as infrastructure construction (Starobin, 1970). The South’s financial success was built on a foundation of slave labor, and for this reason, the government had an incentive for the active promotion and protection of slavery. Laws were written to help maintain the institution because without it, the economy would likely have faltered significantly. Early c olonial laws such as the Navigation Acts gave slavery conditions under which it thrived and grew (Post, 1982). The Constitution’s Three-Fifths clause was a... ...continue in this country and around the world to this day. Works Cited History Detectives. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/causes-of-the-civil-war/ Justice. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. http://academic.udayton.edu/race/03justice/aalaws01.htm Post, C. (1982). The American road to capitalism. New Left Review, 133(1), 30-51. Roark, J.L., Johnson, M. P., Cohen, P. C., Stage, S., Lawson, A., Hartmann, S. M. (2009). The American Promise: A History of the United States to 1877. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Starobin, R. (1970). The economics of Slavery in the Old South. The Business History Review, Vol. 44 (2). 131-174.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3112351 Trigger events of the Civil War. (n.d.). Web. 10 Nov. 2015. http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/triggerevents.html

Wine Analysis of Fining Agents Chemistry

CHEMISTRY-WINE MAKING| Investigating the effectiveness of common fining agents on homemade fruit wine with respect to Turbidity, Sediment level, Ph and Alcohol content. | | Year 12 Chemistry| Extended Experimental InvestigationA comparison of chemical flocculation agents| Mario Mitov| Mrs Cullen 2011| | Contents: 1. 0- Abstract 2. 0- Introduction/Background 3. 0- Aim 4. 0- Hypothesis 5. 0- Safety analysis 6. 0- Equipment and Materials 7. 0- Procedures/Methods . 1- Initial wine making procedure 8. 2- Addition of clearing agents including ratio conversion 8. 3- PH testing 8. 4- Vinometer testing 8. 5- Hydrometer testing 8. 6- Turbidity testing (tube) 8. 7- Sediment level measurement 8. 8- Electric conductivity (EC) testing 8. 9- EC conversion to TDS 8. 10- Alcohol titration method 8. 11- Alcohol titration calculations (refer to journal) 8. 0- Results/ Data Analysis 9. 12- Graph1. PH over time 9. 13- Graph2. Alcohol %v/v over time 9. 14- Graph3. Sediment level over time 9. 15- Graph4. D ifference in sediment level over time 9. 6- Graph5. Turbidity over time 9. 17- Graph6. Electrical conductivity over time 9. 0- Discussion 10. 0- Conclusion 11. 0- Appendices 12. 0- References 13. 0- Special Acknowledgments 1. 0-Abstract: The construction of this EEI was conducted in accordance to the term 2 context (Wine: an artful process). This report is intended to present the experimental and analytical aspects of wine chemistry with focus on fining agents. By testing these fining agents on wine samples, their overall effectiveness will be observed and discussed with respect to pH, Turbidity, Sediment level etc.This will help draw a valid conclusion as to the fining agent that has the greatest clarification effects on the tested wines and to what extent. 2. 0- Introduction: The ancient process of winemaking has captivated the human civilisation for thousands of years. Archaeological findings have shown that the earliest production of wine can be traced back to 8000BC in the regi on of modern day Georgia, Iran and Armenia (Merveonur, M. 2011). Since then the art of vinification has been continually evident throughout history with its significance highlighted in many of the world’s greatest cultures.Take for example the ancient Egyptians of third millennia BC that used wine for sacred ceremonies or the ancient Greeks that traditionally conducted symposiums (social parties) by drinking wine in large groups (Biers, W. 1980). Throughout the ages wine has undoubtabley been valued for its significance in society, culture and even religion, with its importance still prevalent in the modern world. In Australia, the exportation of wine currently contributes an astounding $6 billion dollars to the nation’s economy (Adams, P. 2005).In fact, Australia is recognised as the fourth largest exporter of wine in the world. The country’s eight constitutive states all commercially produce wine of high quality with vineyards occupying approximately 160,000 h ectares throughout Australia (Wine Australia, 2010). States such as Victoria and South Australia are internationally renowned for producing highly exquisite wines that undergo the finest vinification. The process of producing wine is one that involves multitudinous techniques and requires a thorough scientific understanding referred to as Oenology.Oenology is the modern study of winemaking encompassing everything from the initial fruit growth to the extensive chemistry behind the entire process (Boulton, R. 1996). Vinification ultimately consists of many biochemical processes that must be carefully monitored and controlled to ensure success. The primary chemical process involved in any wine is the initial fermentation which is responsible for the formation of ethanol. During this stage, common fruit carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose are converted to alcohol through anaerobic yeast respiration (Fugelsang, C. 1997).Ultimately, the yeast which are facultative fungal organisms provide enzymes that break down sugar molecules while releasing Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide as by-products through the exothermic reaction: C6H1206 —>2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 115kj/mol. Winemakers will usually stop the fermentation process once a desired alcohol level is achieved however the fermentation can naturally stop after reaching a certain level of alcohol that subsequently becomes toxic to the yeast thus killing them (Smith, D. 2009). Once fermentation is over, many wines may display signs of turbidity or cloudiness.This is due to suspended particulates such as proteins, tannins, phenols or dead yeast cells that cause haziness in wine when not removed. These particles can precipitate out of the wine naturally under the influence of gravity however this is a lengthy process and those that want fast results rely on chemical clarification. Chemicals for the purpose of wine clarification are known as fining or flocculation agents and are widely used in the wine industry. These agents are commonly derived from Earths, Proteins, Carbons, Synthetic polymers, Polysaccharides and other substances (Zoecklein, B. 988). It is extremely important that a commercial wine be cleared of any suspended impurities so that it appeals to the consumer. Fining agents generally clarify the wine in three different methods including electrostatic attraction, absorption or enzymatic break down (Main, M. 1995). The most common method however is through electrostatic attraction as this is displayed by the majority of fining agents. Theoretically the suspended particles in wine all carry a corresponding electrical charge therefore by dding a fining agent of the opposite charge the particles adsorb to the surface of the fining molecule forming heavy clumps (refer to appendix figure 1). The clumps rapidly sink to the bottom due to their high density relative to that of the wine (Guerra, B. 2008). Ultimately, three fining agents were selected as test subjects for the experiment that w as to be conducted. These agents include: Bentonite which is aluminium phyllosilicate clay with a negative charge, Isinglass; a collagen derived from fish that carries a positive charge and Kieselsol/gelatine which is a fining agent utilizing both a positive and negative charge. 3. 0- Aim:The general aim of this scientific investigation is to assess the efficiency and clarification capabilities of three difference fining agents including; Bentonite, Isinglass and Kieselsol/Gelatine. The results obtained from the wines treated with fining agents will be contrasted to those obtained from the wine without the presence of a fining agent. This will indicate any trends in the data as to which fining agent is most efficient and if there is a great difference between the rate of clarification of the wines subject to chemical fining as opposed to the wine subject to natural clarification under the influence of gravity alone.By testing parameters such as Ph, Turbidity, Sediment level, Alcohol content and Electrical conductivity some relationships between the results obtained and variables will be analysed to justify the efficiency of the flocculation agents. 4. 0- Hypothesis: It can be hypothesised that all three fining agents will have noticeably different effects on the wine clarity. The ‘Kwik Clear’ agent is predicted to exhibit the greatest impact on clarification as it comprises of both Kieselsol and Gelatine which are agents of opposite charges.This will hypothetically create more lees as the negative and positive charges together will in turn attract more suspended particulates of either electrostatic charge. On the other hand, the negatively charged Bentonite agent is also expected to demonstrate immense fining capacity due to its great molecular surface area that will prompt the adsorption of high amounts of positively charged particles. The Isinglass agent is ultimately expected to perform less desirably as it is by nature a delicate, positively c harged agent with weak fining abilities due to it fragile molecular structure.Finally, the wine without the presence of fining agents (the control), will undoubtabley show the least satisfactory results in terms of clarification. Some sedimentation may occur due to the natural impact of gravity however this will be limited and substantially less in comparison to the wine treated with fining agents. 5. 0- Safety Analysis Due to the topic of this assessment (wine making), the laboratory has been used extensively for nearly all aspects of this assignment including the creation of wine and testing. Safety precautions must therefore be exercised together with strict lab etiquette to prevent dangers arising.Students must remember at all times to abide by the rules which include: 1. Conducting one’s self sensibly and responsibly at all time especially when handling chemicals of potent nature. 2. No food or drinks to be brought into the laboratory to prevent the possibility of contam ination with harmful substances. 3. Long hair must be firmly tied back to reduce the risk of exposure to corrosive chemicals (or the risk of contaminating the wine). 4. Safety goggles, aprons, lab coats and gloves should be worn at all times to minimise the risk of body exposure to chemicals especially the eyes. . All experimental instructions must be read and understood precisely before conducting the experiment. 6. Sitting on top of the laboratory benches is prohibited. 7. Sitting on chairs while performing chemical experiments is forbidden. 8. The labels of chemicals utilized must always be read so that one is aware of the risks and nature of the particular chemical. 9. Extreme caution must be taken when handling glass apparatus to ensure no breakage. 10. Any breakage or chemical spills must be immediately reported to the teacher so that the risk may be quickly contained. 11.Carrying chemicals or glass across the room is not advisable and carries a great degree of risk. 12. Runni ng whilst in the premises is strictly forbidden 13. All students must wear closed in shoes to protect feet from spills that may run down the benches. 14. All individuals must be aware of the nearest fire exits and have an understanding of how to use the fire blanket in case of emergency. 15. Any skin contact with chemicals must be quickly reported to the teacher and subsequently washed under running water for 20 minutes or the eye bath when contact has occurred with the eyes. 16.Any instructions given by the teacher must be followed without hesitation. Note: During the course of the wine making, student are required to perform titrations which require the handling of some extremely noxious chemicals including carcinogens, potent acids and allergens that must by all means be handled with immense care. Many chemicals also have the tendency to cause problems with the respiratory system when inhaled thus any chemical must be distanced from the nose or mouth. 6. 0- Equipment and Material s. Initial wine making: Supplied by school 1. 5L Demijohn with stopper (fermenter) 2.Air-Lock 3. Plastic bucket 4. Wine making yeast 5. Tartaric acid 0. 5tsp 6. Nutrient (Diammonium Sulfate, Ammonium Sulfate or Ammonia Phosphate) 7. Sodium Metabisulphite wash solution (0. 5tsp in 0. 5L of water) 8. Campden tablets 9. Pectinase 10. Funnel 11. Sleeve 12. Plastic champagne cork 13. Plastic tubing 14. Balloon 15. Cottonwool 16. Hydrometer 17. Vinometer 18. 100mg Vitamin C tablets as preservatives Initial wine making: Supplied by student 1. Tea towel 2. 6-8 very ripe bananas 3. 150g Sultanas 4. 8kg very ripe fruit (oranges for this group) 5. 3 tea bags 6. 7x 750mL Wine bottlesAdding/preparing the fining agents: 1. Bentonite (Brewcraft) (solid form) 2. Isinglass (Brewcraft) (liquid form) 3. Kieselsol/Gelatine (Kwik Clear) (liquid form) 4. 2x small beakers 5. 1x 0. 1mL increment glass pipette and 1x medium 1mL increment glass pipette. 6. Electronic scales 7. Plastic milkshake cup (to blend Bentonite) 8. Electric blender 9. Distilled water Testing the wine for all parameters: 1. PH meter 2. Hydrometer 3. Vinometer 4. Turbidity tube 5. EC meter 6. Ruler or tape measure (for sediment measurement) 7. Wine samples 8. 4x beakers 250mL 9. 1x large measuring cylinder 10.Distilled water 11. Disinfectant solution (Sodium percarbonate) 12. Funnel 13. Gloves Performing the titration for alcohol concentration: 1. 10mL wine sample 2. 60mL of Potassium Dichromate 3. 100mL Standard sodium thiosulphate solution (0. 1M) 4. 30mL of 40% sulphuric acid 5. 6 g Potassium Iodide 6. 250mL distilled water 7. starch indicator (starch solution, freshly made) 8. 10mL pipette 9. 2 ? 20mL pipettes 10. pipette filter 11. 250mL volumetric ? ask 12. 3 ? 250mL conical ? asks with stoppers 13. 10mL measuring cylinder 14. small funnel 15. burette and stand 16. white tile 17. hot water bath 8. thermometer 19. spatula 20. electronic balance 21. safety glasses 7. 0- Procedures/Methods 7. 1- Initial wine ma king procedure: 1. Pour sachets of yeast into a 750mL bottle with the addition of 2 tbsp sugar, 0. 5 tbsp acid and half-fill the bottle with water placing a balloon over the neck when finished. 2. Fill the bottle with water when the balloon has popped up. Replace the balloon afterwards. 3. Once the balloon ‘pops up’ a second time, put the bottle in the fridge. 4. Wash bucket, knife, working surface and all fruit with sodium metabisulphite solution. Avoid rinsing fruit! 5.Remove any really bad parts off the fruit. (it’s not a problem if the fruits are mildly squashed or discoloured). 6. Chop the fruit into approximately six pieces each and place into bucket. 7. Add/mix the following into the fruit: 0. 75 tbsp acid, 0. 75 tbsp nutrients, 0. 75 tbsp Pectinase or 7. 5 drops Pectinol, 7. 5mL Sodium metabisulphite, 150g sultanas, 6-8 bananas, 3 tea bags and 7. 5L water. 8. Leave to rest for 24 hours. 9. Once 24 hours have passed, ass half of the bottle of yeast from st ep 3 and 750g sugar to the bucket. Stir well, then put a plate on top of the fruit. This will keep it in the liquid.The whole thing should be covered with a damp towel. 10. Add an additional 1. 5 tbsp of sugar to the yeast bottle and fill with water. Replace the balloon in the process. 11. Begin stirring the bucket with fruit once a day for 3-4 days consecutively. 12. The funnel, strainer and fermenter must be washed with sodium metabisulphite solution for adequate disinfection. 13. Transfer the liquid contents of the bucket into the fermenter using the funnel and discard any solids in the process. 14. Any remaining liquid must be placed in bottles, stoppered with cottonwool in the neck and placed in the fridge. 5. Use sodium metabisulphite to fill the airlock to half of each chamber. 16. After a week has passed, use PVC tubing to transfer the liquid at the top into the bucket, ensuring the lees (sediment) is left at the bottom during siphoning. 17. Discard the lees, rinse out the f ermenter and then replace the liquid back into the fermenter. Use bottles from step 14 to top up the fermenter as needed. Taste and add 150 g of sugar if it is too dry. Also add 5mg of Campden tablets. (Warning: Campden sulphur allergies) 18.Repeat step 16-17 (which is a process called racking) about once a week for 3-4 weeks. If sugar added, a record must be kept of the exact quantity. 19. When clearing from the top of the wine has initiated, the airlock chambers are evening out and the hydrometer reading is between 1005 and 995, repeat step 16. 20. Taste the samples. If a sweet wine is desired, put 100-150g of sugar in a saucepan and cover with wine fermenter. Heats until the sugar has dissolved and then gradually add this to the wine until the desired balance of sweetness is obtained. 21.Add 10ml of Sodium metabisulphite and 1000mg of orange flavoured vitamin C (as a preservative). 22. Wash bottles and cork in the solution of sodium metabisulphite and shake out but don’t r inse. 23. Put wine into bottles and cork storing it in a cool dark place. **(refer to journal for information about the key ingredients of the wine making process) 7. 2- Addition of fining agents including ratio calculation: Isinglass Note: The wine used for each fining agent was racked moments before adding the agents. This ensured that any sediment formation with the fining agents would be easily noticeable and recordable. . Read the instructions on the back of the Brewcraft Isinglass bottle. These instructions stipulate that 10mL are mixed in 25L of wine with the 10mL firstly mixed in a 250mL aliquot before being added to the bulk. 2. The wine bottles used in this experiment contained 750mL of wine therefore calculations were performed to find how much Isinglass must be added to 750mL. 3. Firstly divide 10mL by 25,000mLwhich equal 4Ãâ€"10-4. 4. Secondly, multiply 4Ãâ€"10-4 by 750mL which equals 0. 3mL (this is the amount of Isinglass to be used for 750mL of wine). 5.To find how much of the 750mL of wine must be used to initially pre mix the isinglass before adding it to the bulk, the following was calculated: 25,000mL divided by 250mL equals 100; 750mL divided by 100 is equal to 7. 5. Therefore 7. 5mL of wine must be mixed with 0. 3mL of Isinglass before adding it to the 750mL bulk. 6. Extract 7. 5mL of wine using a small disinfected pipette placing this aliquot in a small beaker. 7. Extract 0. 3mL of isinglass with a small disinfected pipette and place it in the beaker with the 7. 5mL aliquot. 8. Mix the fining agent in the aliquot of wine for a few minutes making sure to swirl it as well. . Using a funnel, replace the mixed aliquot back into the 750mL bulk. 10. Label the bottle, indicating the fining agent used and the dosage. 11. Place cottonwool in the neck and return bottle to the fridge. **(refer to journal for information regarding Isinglass) 7. 2- Addition of fining agents including ratio calculation: Kieselsol/Gelatine (Kwik Clear) 1. Read the in structions on the side of the Kwik Clear box. These instructions specify that 2mL of Bottle A (containing Kieselsol) must be added per gallon of wine. 2mL of Bottle B (containing Gelatine) must also be added per gallon. . Simple calculations were conducted to find how much of Bottle A and B is to be use for the 750mL bottles. Firstly 1 Galloon equals 4. 5 litres therefore 4500mL divided by 750mL equals 6. 3. 2mL divided by 6 equals 0. 33mL hence, 0. 33mL of both Bottle A and B is to be mixed into 750mL of wine. 4. Premix is not required for Kwik Clear therefore the fining agents can be directly added to the 750mL bulk. 5. Using a small disinfected pipette, take 0. 33mL of Bottle A and place it directly into the 750mL wine. 6. Stir well, then wait approximately 30 minutes before adding Bottle B. . Using a small disinfected pipette, extract 0. 33mL of Bottle B and place it into the bulk. 8. Mix well then label the bottle to include the name of the fining agent in use and the dosage. 9 . Stopper the bottle with cottonwool and return it to the fridge until ready for testing. **(refer to journal for basic information about Kwik clear (Kieselsol/ Gelatine fining) 7. 3- pH testing: 1. Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Thoroughly disinfect the four beakers, the tip of the pH meter and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3.Run distilled water over the tip of the pH meter until a neutral ph of between 6. 5-7. 5 is reached (this will ensure that the pH meter is configured properly). 4. Carefully pour an adequate sample of wine in a beaker. 5. Slowly dip the tip of the pH meter and leave it in the wine until the pH value on the monitor becomes constant. 6. Record the value and return the sample of wine to its corresponding bottle using a funnel (make sure the sample is returned from the bottle it was taken from as it would be very undesirable to accidently mix the agents. This would corrupt the whole experiment). 7.Repeat steps 2-6 for all the wines. **(refer to journal for basic information regarding Ph-(power of hydrogen) 7. 4- Vinometer testing: 1. Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Make sure to disinfect the four beakers, the vinometer and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3. The vinometer testing requires handling of the wine with hands therefore the hands must be disinfected prior to testing or if gloves are worn, make sure the gloves are disinfected as well especially if used in prior tests. 4. While holding the vinometer over a beaker, pour wine into it so that the wine covers the entire vinometer. . Apply pressure using the thumb on the vinometer opening as though pushing the wine in (this will ensure any bubble formations are removed). 6. Once confident that no bubbles are evident flip the vinometer upside down allowing the wine to fall into the beaker. 7. Bring the vinometer up to eye level and read the scale after the fluid has settled (the level is sometimes hard to see as it is very thin). 8. Record the value; this is usually in %v/v alcohol. 9. Repeat steps 2-8 for all the wines. **(refer to journal for basic information regarding Vinometer (% alcohol concentration). . 5- Hydrometer testing: 1- Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Wash all four beakers, the hydrometer, the measuring cylinder and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3. Carefully fill the cylinder to about 80% with a sample of wine. 4. Gently lower the hydrometer into the wine making sure it does not touch the bottom or the side of the cylinder. 5. Record where the surface of the wine contacts the hydrometer. 6. Repeat step 2-5 for each wine ***(Note: The Hydrometer testing was done incorrectly thus giving inaccurate results throughout each trial.This mistake was only noticed after testing was concluded therefore there was no way of repeating the results. All results obtained a hydrometer reading of 1. 030 which indicates there has been a general mistake with the pr ocedure. The group decided not to use the Hydrometer due to this flaw)*** 7. 6- Turbidity testing (with tube): 1. Place gloves on both hands and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Wash the turbidity tube and funnel in the disinfectant sodium percarbonate solution. 3. Carefully pour wine into the turbidity tube by small increments at a time. 4.Look for when the black lines at the bottom of the tube become slightly visible just enough to see the lines. 5. Record the value at which the lines are slightly visible (this is the turbidity in NTU). 6. Repeat steps 2-5 for each wine. **(refer to journal for information about Turbidity) 7. 7 Sediment level (with ruler): 1. Carefully hold the wine bottle against and angle of strong light until the lees is visible (making sure not to disturb the sediment greatly). 2. Use a ruler to measure the sediment level from the bottom of the bottle to the point at which it finishes. . Record the results to the nearest mm. 4. Repeat step 1-3 for each wine (Note: Sediment measurement should be tested first before anything else so that the lees is not disturbed from movement 7. 8 Electric Conductivity (EC meter): 1. Put on gloves and gather all necessary equipment. 2. Thoroughly disinfect the four beakers, the tip of the EC meter and the funnel with sodium percarbonate solution. 3. Run distilled water over the tip of the EC meter until a reading of 0 is obtained (this will ensure that the EC meter is configured properly). 4.Carefully pour an adequate sample of wine in a beaker. 5. Slowly dip the tip of the EC meter and leave it in the wine until the Electrical conductivity value on the monitor becomes constant. 6. Record the value and return the sample of wine to its corresponding bottle using a funnel (make sure the sample is returned from the bottle it was taken from as it would be very undesirable to accidently mix the agents. This would corrupt the whole experiment). 7. Repeat steps 2-6 for all the wines. **(refer to journal for in formation about EC (Electric Conductivity) 7. EC Conversion to TDS using mathematical formula: 1. The formula stipulates that TDS (ppm or mg/L) = F x EC where F is a factor of 0. 6 and EC is the electrical conductivity in Microsiemens per centimetre. 2. The results taken by the EC meter in class are given in millisiemens therefore to covert to microsiemens simply multiply by 1000. 3. Take the number in microsiemens and multiply it by a factor of 0. 6 as stated by the formula. 4. This is the measurement in TDS (ppm). 7. 10 Alcohol Titration method: 1. Place a 10mL aliquot of wine in a 250mL volumetric flask ( using a small pipette). 2.Distilled water is then used to fill the volume up to the 250mL mark. 3. Take a 20mLaliquot from the 250mL solution and place it in a conical flask. 4. Step 3 must be repeated twice so that there are three flasks to use in 3 separate trials. 5. To every flask a 20mL aliquot of 0. 04 Molar Potassium Dichromate is added. 6. 10mL of 40% sulphuric acid is a dded to every flask with the aid of a measuring cylinder and the teacher (the teacher will have to do this step due to the potency of the acid). 7. Each flask should be stoppered loosely and heated in a water bath at 45-50*c. (water bath must not exceed 50*c). . Once 10 minutes have passed, remove the flasks and add 2 g of Potassium Iodine to all flasks. 9. Fill the burette with Thiosulphate solution (0. 1 Molar). 10. Begin the titration, titrating the contents of the flask with the 0. 1M Thiosulphate solution. When the brown colour of the titrated solution becomes green add 1-2mL Starch. The equivalence point is noticed when the solution turns from blue to light green. 11. Record the result of the titres. 7. 11 Alcohol titration calculations: **(Refer to journal for titration calculations) 8. 0- Results and Data Analysis: 8. 1- graph 1 – PH over time:The above graph displays the pH obtained for each wine over the 5 trials conducted. Initially before adding the clearing agent s, the wine was tested to be at pH 4 as indicated at ‘trial 0’. After the clearing agents were added the pH remained at 4 however the Isinglass fined wine increased to pH 4. 3. Standard wine must be kept at a pH range between 3. 2 and 4. 1 therefore anything over 4. 1 raises alarms and action must be taken to lower the pH using acidic substances. Ultimately 1g of Tartaric acid was added to all wines during trial 1 and subsequently resulted in the decrease in pH observed from trial 1-3.Trial 3 was the point at which the pH of all four wines was recorded at a constant 3. 2 indicating that the Tartaric acid was successful at lowering the pH by almost 1 for all four wines. From trial 3-5 the pH of all the wines is seen to fluctuate once again this is due to the fact that the effects of the tartaric acid have ceased therefore the pH system increases and decreases accordingly as it tries to find a new state of equilibrium. This trend can be related to Le Chateliers principle which states that â€Å"If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, then the system adjusts itself so as to minimise the disturbance.At the end of trial 5 all four wines fell between a stable pH range however following the low pH of trial 3, Isinglass fluctuated to pH 3. 7 as seen in trial 5. This raises the possibility that the pH of Isinglass may have continued to raise. 8. 2- Graph 2 – Alcohol %v/v over time The above is the comparison of alcohol content for all the wines over the 5 trials conducted. All wines clearly tend to show a percentage of alcohol between 4-6% throughout the trials with the overall average being 4. 2%. At the end of trial 5, all four wines recorded a stable 4%v/v alcohol however this is unusual considering that wines are typically 7-14%v/v.The 11%v/v recorded for the control at trial 3 is believed to be due to error as there is no justifiable reason for such an instantaneously high fluctuation. It is seen that all wines containing fining agents record ed an alcohol level that was similar to each other; this was ultimately expected as fining agents do not typically affect alcohol level. These readings from the vinometer can ultimately be relied upon as alternative alcohol testing through the more accurate titration method showed that the alcohol level was at approximately 5% which is the most common value presented throughout the vinometer testing. . 3- Graph 3- Sediment level over time Displayed above is the graphical analysis of the sediment level recorded over time for each wine. There is a clear indication that the wine finned with Bentonite produced the most lees followed by the Gelatine/Kieselsol and then the Isinglass which accumulated the least amount of lees out of the three clearing agents. Overall however, the control (wine without fining agent) showed a very limited accumulation of sediment therefore indicating that sedimentation rate is slower without a presence of a clearing agent.Interestingly the Bentonite also rec orded instant sedimentation of 1. 5cm for the first trial which is more than twice as much as that of the Gelatine/Kieselsol and three times more than the Isinglass and control. The control also displayed the slowest rate of accumulation of lees with a 0. 1cm increase occurring once every 2 trials. Some results show a drop in sediment level; this should ultimately be ignored as the measurement of sediment encompasses an uncertainty of (+- 0. 5cm) therefore the recorded drop in sediment may just be an indication of no change. . 4 – Graph 4- Difference in sediment level over time: The above graph has been constructed to aid in the interpretation of the previous (Graph 3). This displays the difference in sediment level for each wine from trial to trial. Ultimately the total increase of sediment for Bentonite over the 5 trials was +1. 9cm (assuming that the –0. 1 is treated as a no increase rather than a decrease). The Kieselsol/Gelatine recorded a total increase of +1. 6c m. Isinglass obtained a total of +0. 8 and the Control showed a +0. 7 total increase over the 5 trial periods. 8. – Graph 5- Turbidity (NTU) over time: The above ‘turbidity over time’ graph ultimately displays the extent at which the wines were cleared. The results obtained for turbidity show the same trend that is seen in the sediment accumulation graph in terms of the fining agent performance. Bentonite was most effective at clearing the wine, bringing the turbidity down from 600 to 250NTU followed by Kieselsol/Gelatine which was successful in a turbidity reduction from 600 to 300 NTU. Isinglass again presents itself as the weakest clearing agent only clearing the wine from 600 to approximately 450NTU.The Control indicated only a slight decrease in turbidity of 50NTU in total. Notice that major reduction in turbidity for all four wines ceases from trial 3 onwards, this trend was also recorded in the sediment graph. Another trend that is seen in this graph and t he sediment accumulation graph alike is that Bentonite again appears to have the greatest initial impact out of all the fining agents. *The lack in results for trial 1 is due to not having the turbidity tube available at that time. 8. 6- Graph 6- Electric Conductivity over time:Electrical conductivity was tested purely because it can give an indication of TDS through a conversion factor. Again what is immediately noticed is that on the 5th trials, Bentonite had the greatest overall drop in EC/TDS. Followed by Kieselsol/Gelatine then Isinglass. The control showed the least overall reduction of EC/TDS and this is a trend seen in the previous Turbidity and Sediment graphs. (Refer to Journal for raw data tables and the conversion from EC to TDS) 9. 0- Discussion: Through the analysis of the results obtained, many justifications can be drawn as to the fining agent that had the greatest effect on clarification.By graphing the primary trends in turbidity and sediment level, the initial hyp othesis was ultimately rendered incorrect to some extent. It was hypothesised that the Kieselsol/Gelatine would have the greatest fining ability due to the agent being composed of both positive and negative charges. This however was not the case when the results were analysed. Ultimately the Bentonite was recorded to have the greatest fining ability followed by the Kieselsol/Gelatine and then the Isinglass which as predicted, presented itself as the weakest of the three fining agents.The Bentonite agent visibly resulted in the most sediment accumulation, recording a total of 1. 8cm of lees and a turbidity reduction of 350NTU in total. Interestingly, Bentonite also exhibited a very fast rate of efficiency with an accumulation of 1. 5cm of sediment in the very first trial (Graph 3). This was more than double the sediment level of Kieselsol/Gelatine and triple the amount recorded for Isinglass. Similar trends in rapid efficiency are seen in (Graph 5) where Bentonite is noticed to reduc e turbidity by half in the very first trial.These superior clearing abilities stem from the complex molecular composition of the substance. Bentonite is comprised of a multitude of small silicate platelets that are separated by a layer of water molecules (Zoecklein, B. 1988). During the initial Bentonite hydration performed before adding it to the wine, these platelets repel each other and subsequently pop apart. As this occurs, the platelets rearrange and immense swelling takes place which results in an enormous surface area (refer to appendix figure 2).It is this enlarged surface area that grants Bentonite the ability to absorb a greater amount of suspended matter. Further evidence shows that there are more molecular properties that can justify the dominant fining capabilities of the Bentonite agent. Foremost, Bentonite is renowned for its high cation exchange capacity (binding ability) (Catarino, S. 2007). Typically there is a tremendously fast reaction time between positively ch arged protein particulates and the negatively charge Bentonite.It is common for three-quarters of proteins to react with Bentonite within the first minute of contact (Zoecklein, B. 1988). Protein contents from an initial 50-100mg/L can be cleared to less than 10mg/L in most circumstances therefore this high clearing capacity is another reason why such elevated amounts of sediment deposits were recorded during testing. Another aspect to consider is the relationship between ethanol concentration and Bentonite. Scientific research has suggested that there is a proportional relationship between ethanol concentration and the efficiency of the Bentonite fining.This is due primarily to the fact that ethanol separates the silicate layers within the structure therefore allowing larger particles to adsorb to the surface (Harberton, J. 2009). Basically out of the three fining agents, Bentonite is the only one that exhibits this relationship with alcohol thus its flocculation ability is advanta ged when placed in an ethanol rich solution such as the wine. What can further be associated with the Bentonite’s vast flocculation ability is that the agent is not exclusively of a negative charge.Interestingly, the molecular platelet edges are comprised of a slight positive charge (AMCOL, 2005) (refer to Appendix figure 4). This gives the Bentonite an additional aptitude to bind to some negatively charged particles therefore providing a wider range of clearing potential. When looking back on the results obtained, the hypothesis was validated to the extent that the wine without a fining agent (the control) showed least efficiency in clarification. As seen in Graph 3 (sediment level over time), the control not only accumulated very small amounts of sediment but also did this at a very slow rate.An increase of 0. 1cm is noticed only once every two trials whereas the fining agents show a substantial increase nearly every single trial. The same goes for the turbidity reduction ( Graph 5) where the control is seen to take approximately three trial periods to attain a decrease of a mere 50NTU. Although the control showed signs of clearing due to gravity, it is substantially slower than that of the fining agents. A scientific principle set out by physicist George Stokes in 1851, aids in the conceptualisation of why the fining agents are more efficient in sedimentation.Stokes’ law states that the rate of sedimentation of a spherical particle is directly proportional to the difference in density of the particle and the liquid, the acceleration due to gravity and the radius of the particle (Stoyanov, P. 1980). By the application of this law, it stands to reason that a fining agent causes swifter sedimentation as it increases the radius of the particles through electrostatic binding and this in turn causes the particles to have a greater density ultimately increasing the rate of clarification It was also initially hypothesised that Isinglass would perform l east efficiently out of the three fining agent.This was confirmed through the data analysis which showed that Isinglass produced three time less sediment than Bentonite and only reduced turbidity by 150NTU unlike Kieselsol/Gelatine which reduced turbidity by 300NTU and Bentonite which resulted in a 350NTU reduction. Isinglass was ultimately not anticipated to have great fining abilities due to its gentle nature which renders it more suitable for wine polishing rather than heavy clearing (Chorniak, J. 2007). According to external scientific sources, the overall fining rate of Isinglass stands at a low 0. 2 – 0. 1g/L-1 therefore adding justification as to the low sediment yields recorded for Isinglass in this chemistry experiment. There is however another biochemical issue that may have attributed to the underperformance of the Isinglass agent. Collagens such as isinglass are typically dependant on temperature for chemical stability. At high temperature most collagens begin to decompose on a molecular scale. Isinglass starts to denature at a relatively low temperature of approximately 10 °C.This denaturing process results in a reduction of molecular weight which consequently weakens the fining ability (Hornsey, I. 2007). Throughout the course of this experiment, the wines tested were exposed to temperature of over 18 °C hence leading to the presumption that this may have contributed to isinglass’ lack in performance. When analysing the data to a greater extent, there was a very crucial trend that was established which may have affected the performance of all the clearing agents. pH is ultimately seen to have an inversely proportion relationship with the binding ability of the fining agents.As pH increases, the strength of the electrostatic attract between the fining agent and particles is subsequently decreased. This principle is extensively evident for all three fining agents tested in this experiment. Notice that after trial 3 (graph 5) the t urbidity no longer shows improvements for both Bentonite and Isinglass and only exhibits a minimal improvement for Kieselsol/Gelatine. This is also notice for the sediment level (graph 3) which shows only very slight increases in sediment accumulation after trial 3.This reduced performance after trial 3 may be due to the fact that the pH of all wines began to fluctuate from trial 3 onwards (refer to graph 1). Overall it is seen that the clearing agents performed best when the pH was reducing during trial 1 and 2 and started to perform poorly when the pH began to fluctuate from trial 3. To comprehend this phenomenon it is important to understand the concept of the Isoelectric point (pl). Basically all proteins or other suspended particles have a certain pH at which the particles carry no net charge.If the pH of a solution is too high or near the isoelectric point, the particulates will not be sufficient in electrostatic attraction because at a high pH, the molecules carry an equal nu mber of positive and negative charges resulting in neutralisation (Zoecklein, B. 1988). This is also true for the fining agents which lose electrostatic charge when there is even a slight increase in pH. Recent studies that tested the net charge of isinglass in different pH medium show that even a small increase of 0. 5 pH resulted in the reduction of approximately half the net charge of the isinglass agent (Ward, I. 000) (refer to appendix figure 3). This evidence adds credibility to the justification that the rise in pH may have indeed contributed to the trend noticed in all the fining agents. Alternatively however there is the possibility that the fining agents simply reached their capacity and began decreasing in efficiency after trial 3 indicating that more fining must be added. Overall through the in-depth interpretation of the data; the performance of the fining agents can be justified and links can be draws as to the agent that performed the best and worst (the Bentonite and Isinglass respectively).However although this experiment was successful in giving reasonably good results it is undoubtabley encompassed by multitudinous amounts of human error and uncertainty that may render it flawed to some extent. The major flaw to this experiment is that sediment was not siphoned after every trial. The group initially chose not to siphon the lees so that results could be easily recorded. However what was not realised is that every time the wine was poured out for testing, the deposit of sediment was resuspended into the wine therefore may have resulted in highly inaccurate results especially for turbidity.Another associated human error is that members from the group at some stages touched the wine with bare hands that were not disinfected especially during Vinometer testing. This holds a great risk that the wine may have become contaminated thus predisposed to bacterial manifestation which would render the experiment invalid. Gloves were only used after the 2n d trial period once the group noticed the risk of contamination. Other possible sources of contamination include the fact that some equipment were not washed with sodium metabisulphite before making contact with the wine, this again posses high risk of bacterial growth.At one stage there was speculation whether the wine had indeed contracted a bacterial strain. This is due to the hazy/cloudy appearance of the wine despite the extensive fining that was performed. Although turbidity was slightly reduced by the fining agent, the wine still seemed awfully turbid. This could be a sign of a bacterial colony which causes a liquid to appear murky and is ultimately untreatable by the fining process. When expert opinion was consulted about the wine, it was concluded that the turbid appearance was not due to bacteria.If the wine had been infected, it would have had a very ‘off’ taste which was not indicated during the weekly wine tasting. What must be noted is that because the win e in this group was created with oranges, it will never have a very clear appearance due to the thickness and dark colouration of the orange contents. Common wines made from grapes are naturally very clear due to the transparency of the grape juice by nature. It was therefore presumed that the turbid look of the wine was due to the natural composition of the oranges it was made from.If this experiment was to be performed again, many improvements must be made to ensure more accurate and valid results. It is recommended that more emphasis must be placed into contamination control and management during the winemaking and wine testing period. This will ensure no foreign material spoil the validity of the experiment. Also there was major uncertainty in the equipment used. Firstly the ruler used to measure sediment carries a +/- 0. 5cm uncertainty which is major especially when measuring something so small such as sedimentation deposit.Maybe a more accurate measuring tool with a smaller s cale can be used in the future for the lees measurement. Furthermore all testing including pH, Turbidity, Vinometer etc were only done once every trial period whereas it is advisable to always test a sample 3 times in a row to ensure consistency in the results. This was not done in this experiment as time restraints did not allow for repeated testing. If these simple improvements can be implemented for future testing, the results will be more accurate which will in turn provide more credibility to the findings. 10- Conclusion:The process of wine making and testing was a long and arduous task that involved many procedures. Although there were some minor flaws involved with the testing, the experiment was considered an overall success. The aim from the start was to see which flocculation agent would have the greatest effect on wine clarification and through extensive testing the results clearly indicated the superior fining agent. The Bentonite was undoubtabley the most powerful flocc ulation chemical and resulted in the greatest reduction in turbidity and also the greatest increase in sedimentation.The trends and patterns in the data were evaluated and scientific justifications were made as to why each fining agent performed to the extent that was witnessed. Ultimately relationships between variables were established as explanations that coincide with the performance of the fining agents. Wine pH, alcohol level and temperature are concluded to have a drastic effect on the flocculation abilities of the fining agents. These variables must be monitored and adjusted accordingly as the efficiency of the clearing agents are found to be very dependent upon their values.For future reference, pH is seen to affect the electrostatic bonding abilities of the substances, alcohol levels have a proportional relationship to the fining abilities of Bentonite and temperature (either to low or to high) affects the efficiency of the chemical fining process especially that of the Is inglass. With this in mind it can be concluded that the fining agents did help in the clarification of the wine however were affected by many variables that must be taken into account if this experiment was to be performed in future. By Mario Mitov 11- Appendix: {FIGURE 1}.Below: Diagram of the electrostatic flocculation process exhibited by most fining agents. {FIGURE 2}, Below: A depiction of the Bentonite surface area expansion that is initiated during the hydration stage. This is one of the main reasons why Bentonite is such a powerful flocculation agent. From left to right; Water molecules between the silicate layers, Layers then pop apart during hydration, the platelets rearrange and swelling takes place, once rearrangement has occurred the surface area is greater than before hydration. Diagram sourced from (Zoecklein, B. 1988) FIGURE 3} Below: Scientific studies conducted for isinglass that shows an increase in pH results in electric charge depletion thus weakening the fining agent. {FIGURE 4}, Below: A depiction of the Bentonite molecular structure, Notice that the edges are +ve (positively charged) and the inner area is predominantly of a negative charge (-ve). Because Bentonite has slightly positive charged edges it is advantaged in its fining ability. Image sourced from http://www. amcoldetergents. com/Resources/How%20Bentonite%20Softens%20Through%20the%20Wash. pdf 12- References: Books (alphabetical order): Biers,W.The Archaeology Of Greece. New York. Cornell University Press 1980. Retrieved June 8th 2011 Boulton, R. (1996). Principles and Practises Of Winemaking. New York. Chapman & Hall 1996. Retrieved June 9th 2011. Fugelsang, C. (1997). Wine Microbiology. New York. Chapman & Hall 1997. Retrieved June 9th 2011. Smith, D. (2009). Chemistry In Use. Australia. McGraw Hill Australia. Retrieved on multiple dates throughout research. Stoyanov, P. (1980). Medical Chemistry and Biophysics Concepts. Bulgaria. CIELA publishers. Retrieved June 14th 2011 fr om home (published in Bulgarian but translated).Internet (alphabetical order): Adams, P. (2005). Grape glut sours wine industry. Retrieved 8th of June 2011 from http://www. abc. net. au/landline/content/2005/s1349757. htm AMCOL,(2005). Bentonite: A technical overview. Retrieved June 14th 2011 from http://www. amcoldetergents. com/Resources/How%20Bentonite%20Softens%20Through%20the%20Wash. pdf Catarino, S. (2007). Effects Of Bentonite Characteristics On The Elemental Composition Of Wine. Retrieved June 13th 2011 from http://pubs. acs. org/doi/abs/10. 1021/jf0720180 (downloaded scientific article) Chorniak, J. 2007). A Clearer Understanding Of Fining Agents. Retrieved June 15th 2011 from http://www. winemakermag. com/stories/techniques/article/indices/12-clarityfiltration/26-a-clearer-understanding-of-fining-agents Guerra, B. (2008). Choosing A Fining Agent. Retrieved June 11th 2011 from http://www. newworldwinemaker. com/articles/view? id=342 Harbertson, J. (2009). A Guide To The Fin ing Of Wine. Retrieved June 13th 2011 from http://cru. cahe. wsu. edu/CEPublications/em016/em016. pdf Hornsey, I. (2007). The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking. Royal Society Of Chemistry.